Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Jun 27, 2025; 17(6): 104729
Published online Jun 27, 2025. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v17.i6.104729
Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study population, n (%)
Characteristics
Overall (n = 1064)
Age
< 60558 (52.4)
≥ 60506 (47.6)
Gender
Male660 (62)
Female404 (38)
BMI, median (IQR)23.24 (21.22, 25.38)
Diseases
Biliary tract cancer362 (34)
Hepatocellular carcinoma338 (31.8)
Benign disease301 (28.3)
Other malignant disease63 (5.9)
Liver cirrhosis
Yes381 (35.8)
No683 (64.2)
Major hepatectomy
Yes594 (55.8)
No470 (44.2)
Caudate lobectomy
Yes266 (25)
No798 (75)
Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Yes11 (1)
No1053 (99)
Portal vein reconstruction
Yes90 (8.5)
No974 (91.5)
Hepatic vein reconstruction
Yes9 (0.8)
No1055 (99.2)
Bile duct resection
Yes390 (36.7)
No674 (63.3)
Operation time (minute), median (IQR)476 (328.75, 648)
Blood loss (mL), median (IQR)300 (100, 500)
Blood transfusion
Yes516 (48.5)
No548 (51.5)
Postoperative portal vein angle
≥ 100403 (68.1)
< 100189 (31.9)
Main portal vein diameter (mm), median (IQR)11 (9, 12)
Pringle maneuver time (minute), median (IQR)56.18 (34.19, 84.27)
Preoperative laboratory test
Platelet count (9 × 104/μL), median (IQR)195 (145, 260)
PTINR, median (IQR)1.03 (0.97, 1.09)
FDP (μg/mL), median (IQR)2.50 (2.50, 2.63)
D-dimer (μg/mL), median (IQR)0.38 (0.15, 0.88)
Postoperative laboratory test
Platelet count (9 × 104/μL), median (IQR)157 (110, 209.25)
PTINR, median (IQR)1.16 (1.08, 1.26)
FDP (μg/mL), median (IQR)22.46 (13.35, 34.03)
D-dimer (μg/mL), median (IQR)8.20 (5.72, 13.08)
Table 2 Comparison of clinical characteristics between post-hepatectomy portal vein thrombosis group and none post-hepatectomy portal vein thrombosis group
Characteristics
PH-PVT
Non-PH-PVT
P value
Method
n421022
Age (n)0.534χ2
< 6024534
≥ 6018488
Gender (n)0.322χ2
Male23637
Female19385
BMI, median (IQR)23.05 (21.70, 25.22)23.24 (21.22, 25.39)0.944Wilcoxon
Diseases (n)0.003Yates’ correction
Biliary tract cancer25337
Hepatocellular carcinoma10328
Benign disease7294
Other malignant disease063
Liver cirrhosis (n)0.098χ2
Yes10371
No32651
Major hepatectomy (n)< 0.001χ2
Yes38556
No4466
Caudate lobectomy (n)0.046χ2
Yes16250
No26772
Pancreaticoduodenectomy (n)< 0.001Fisher test
Yes65
No361017
Portal vein reconstruction (n)< 0.001Yates’ correction
Yes2070
No22952
Hepatic vein reconstruction (n)0.046Fisher test
Yes27
No401015
Bile duct resection (n)< 0.001χ2
Yes28362
No14660
Operation time (minute), median (IQR)667.5 (532.75, 750.75)469 (325, 637)< 0.001Wilcoxon
Blood loss (mL), median (IQR)400 (200, 600)250 (100, 500)0.005Wilcoxon
Blood transfusion (n)0.016χ2
Yes28488
No14534
Postoperative portal vein angle< 0.001χ2
≥ 100°16387
< 100°22167
Main portal vein diameter (mm), median (IQR)11 (10, 12)11 (9, 12)0.147Wilcoxon
Pringle maneuver time (minute), median (IQR)69.69 (58.28, 119.49)55 (33.77, 83.90)0.001Wilcoxon
Preoperative laboratory test
Platelet count (9 × 104/μL), median (IQR)175 (130, 255)195 (146, 260)0.318Wilcoxon
PTINR, median (IQR)1.02 (0.96, 1.08)1.03 (0.97, 1.09)0.902Wilcoxon
FDP (μg/mL), median (IQR)2.50 (2.50, 3.68)2.50 (2.50, 2.62)0.269Wilcoxon
D-dimer (μg/mL), median (IQR)0.56 (0.26, 2.00)0.36 (0.15, 0.86)0.017Wilcoxon
Postoperative laboratory test
Platelet count (9 × 104/μL), median (IQR)113 (83, 168)158 (111, 212)< 0.001Wilcoxon
PTINR, median (IQR)1.24 (1.17, 1.40)1.16 (1.08, 1.25)< 0.001Wilcoxon
FDP (μg/mL), median (IQR)28.74 (21.44, 49.00)22.10 (13.15, 33.17)0.014Wilcoxon
D-dimer (μg/mL), median (IQR)11.04 (7.23, 16.60)8.13 (5.68, 12.80)0.004Wilcoxon
Table 3 Univariate and multivariate logistic analysis of the risk factors for post-hepatectomy portal vein thrombosis
CharacteristicsnUnivariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
OR (95%CI)
P value
OR (95%CI)
P value
Disease
Benign disease301ReferenceReference
Other malignant disease630.000 (0.000-Infinity)0.9860.000 (0.000-Infinity)0.987
Hepatocellular carcinoma3381.280 (0.481-3.407)0.6201.416 (0.402-4.995)0.588
Biliary tract cancer3623.116 (1.328-7.309)0.0091.131 (0.376-3.400)0.827
Caudate lobectomy
No798ReferenceReference
Yes2661.900 (1.003-3.600)0.0490.585 (0.238-1.437)0.242
Pancreaticoduodenectomy
No1053ReferenceReference
Yes1133.900 (9.884-116.268)< 0.0017.627 (1.390-41.842)0.019
Portal vein reconstruction
No974ReferenceReference
Yes9012.364 (6.439-23.739)< 0.0016.119 (2.636-14.203)< 0.001
Hepatic vein reconstruction
No1055ReferenceReference
Yes97.250 (1.459-36.014)0.0152.314 (0.312-17.180)0.412
Bile duct resection
No674ReferenceReference
Yes3903.646 (1.896-7.014)< 0.0011.169 (0.390-3.508)0.781
Operation time (minute)10641.003 (1.002-1.004)< 0.0011.000 (0.997-1.002)0.772
Blood loss (mL)10641.000 (1.000-1.001)0.238
Blood transfusion
No548ReferenceReference
Yes5162.189 (1.139-4.206)0.0190.627 (0.253-1.549)0.311
Pringle maneuver time (minute)10601.011 (1.005-1.016)< 0.0011.007 (0.998-1.016)0.111
Postoperative portal vein angle
≥ 100°403ReferenceReference
< 100°1893.185 (1.631-6.211)< 0.0012.457 (1.131-5.348)0.023
Preoperative laboratory test
D-dimer (μg/mL)10641.047 (0.951-1.153)0.347
Postoperative laboratory test
Platelet count (9 × 104/μL)10640.991 (0.986-0.996)< 0.0010.996 (0.990-1.002)0.242
PTINR10641.237 (1.032-1.483)0.0222.191 (0.826-5.814)0.115
D-dimer (μg/mL)10641.027 (0.998-1.057)0.071
FDP (μg/mL)10641.005 (0.998-1.013)0.147
Table 4 Univariate and multivariate logistic analysis of the risk factors for mortality of post-hepatectomy portal vein thrombosis
CharacteristicsnUnivariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
OR (95%CI)
P value
OR (95%CI)
P value
Age
< 6024ReferenceReference
≥ 60187.857 (1.877-32.896)0.0058.688 (1.774-42.539)0.008
Disease
Benign disease7Reference
Biliary tract cancer256.500 (0.680-62.148)0.104
Hepatocellular carcinoma100.667 (0.035-12.839)0.788
Pancreaticoduodenectomy
No36Reference
Yes63.47 × 108 (0.000-Infinity)0.994
Portal vein reconstruction
No22ReferenceReference
Yes205.500 (1.361-22.223)0.0176.182 (1.246-30.687)0.026