Systematic Reviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Nov 27, 2023; 15(11): 2564-2578
Published online Nov 27, 2023. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v15.i11.2564
Global, regional, and national burden of gallbladder and biliary diseases from 1990 to 2019
Zhong-Zhuan Li, Lin-Jing Guan, Rong Ouyang, Zhi-Xin Chen, Guo-Qing Ouyang, Hai-Xing Jiang
Zhong-Zhuan Li, Hai-Xing Jiang, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
Zhong-Zhuan Li, Rong Ouyang, Zhi-Xin Chen, Department of Gastroenterology, Liuzhou Workers’ Hospital (The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University), Liuzhou 545007, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
Lin-Jing Guan, Department of Abdomen Ultrasound, Nanning Sixth People’s Hospital, Nanning 530002, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
Guo-Qing Ouyang, Department of General Surgery, Liuzhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
Co-first authors: Zhong-Zhuan Li and Lin-Jing Guan.
Co-corresponding authors: Guo-Qing Ouyang and Hai-Xing Jiang.
Author contributions: Li ZZ, Guan LJ, Jiang HX, and Ouyang GQ conceived, designed and refined the study protocol; Li ZZ, Guan LJ, Ouyang R, and Chen ZX were involved in the data collection; Li ZZ, Guan LJ, and Ouyang GQ analyzed the data; Li ZZ, Guan LJ, and Jiang HX drafted the manuscript; All authors were involved in the critical review of the results and have contributed to, read, and approved the final manuscript. Li ZZ and Guan LJ contributed equally to this work as co-first authors; Ouyang GQ and Jiang HX contributed equally to this work as co-corresponding authors. The reasons for designating Ouyang GQ and Jiang HX as co-corresponding authors are threefold. First, the research was performed as a collaborative effort, and the designation of co-corresponding authorship accurately reflects the distribution of responsibilities and burdens associated with the time and effort required to complete the study and the resultant paper. This also ensures effective communication and management of post-submission matters, ultimately enhancing the paper's quality and reliability. Second, the overall research team encompassed authors with a variety of expertise and skills from different fields, and the designation of co-corresponding authors best reflects this diversity. This also promotes the most comprehensive and in-depth examination of the research topic, ultimately enriching readers' understanding by offering various expert perspectives. Third, Ouyang GQ and Jiang HX contributed efforts of equal substance throughout the research process. The choice of these researchers as co-corresponding authors acknowledges and respects this equal contribution, while recognizing the spirit of teamwork and collaboration of this study. In summary, we believe that designating Ouyang GQ and Jiang HX as co-corresponding authors of is fitting for our manuscript as it accurately reflects our team's collaborative spirit, equal contributions, and diversity.
Supported by the Liuzhou Science and Technology Plan Project, No. 2021CB0101.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Hai-Xing Jiang, Professor, Doctor, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. jianghaixing@gxmu.edu.cn
Received: May 25, 2023
Peer-review started: May 25, 2023
First decision: July 26, 2023
Revised: August 2, 2023
Accepted: August 17, 2023
Article in press: August 17, 2023
Published online: November 27, 2023
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background

Gallbladder and biliary disease (GABD) remains a major global public health challenge, and the disease burden varies geographically.

Research motivation

From 1990 to 2019, the number of cases and age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of GABD increased globally. What’s more, although GABD age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) and age-standardized lived with disability (YLD) rate (ASYR) decreased, the number of prevalent and YLD cases increased.

Research objectives

We aim to research the incidence, prevalence, and YLDs of GABD and their temporal trends from 1990 to 2019 in 204 countries and territories at the global, regional, and national levels. The association between estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs), ASIRs, ASPRs, and ASYRs (1990), and human development index (HDI) (2021) were also assessed at the national level.

Research methods

The study used EAPC to quantify the age-standardized incidence of GABD by region, sex, and cause. ASIRs, ASPR and ASYR. Socio-demographic index (SDI) was used to analyze the relationship between GABD burden and national development level.

Research results

In 2019, the incident cases of GABD were 52003772, with an ASIR of 634.32 per 100000 population. Globally, the number of incident cases and ASIR of GABD increased 97% and 58.9% between 1990 and 2019. Although, the ASPR and ASYR decreased from 1990 to 2019, the number of prevalent and YLDs cases increased. The highest ASIR was observed in Italy, and the highest ASPR and ASYR was observed in United Kingdom. The highest burden of GABD was found in low-SDI region, and the burden in female was significantly higher than males. A generally negative correlation (ρ = -0.24, P < 0.05) of GABD with the EAPC and HDI (in 2021) were observed for ASIR. What’s more, no correlation in ASPR (ρ = -0.06, P = 0.39) and ASYR (ρ = -0.07, P = 0.36) of GABD with the EAPC and HDI (in 2021) were observed, respectively.

Research conclusions

From 1990 to 2019, the number of cases and ASIR of GABD increased globally. What’s more, although GABD ASPR and ASYR decreased, the number of prevalent and YLD cases increased. The highest burden of GABD was observed in low-SDI regions, and the burden was significantly higher among females than males.

Research perspectives

We believe that the findings of this study will provide insight into the global disease burden of GABD and assist policymakers in formulating effective policies to mitigate modifiable risk factors.