Coagonist of glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptors ameliorates kidney injury in murine models of obesity and diabetes mellitus

Table 1 The sequence of the polymerase chain reaction primers used in the experiments

Target gene	Primers sequence (5' to 3')
	Forward	Reverse
SERBP-1C	ATCGCAAACAAGCTGACCTG	AGATCCAGGTTTGAGGTGGG
FAS	TTGCTGGCACTACAGAATGC	AACAGCCTCAGAGCGACAAT
SCD-1	CATCGCCTGCTCTACCCTTT	GAACTGCGCTTGGAAACCTG
CPT-1	CGCACATTACAAGGACATGG	GAAGAGCCGAGTCATGGAAG
PPAR-α	TCTGGAAGCTTTGGTTTTGC	GACTGAGGAAGGGCTGGAAG
MMP-9	ACACTCCCGTCCTTACATGG	ATGAGCTCCAAGGGTGACAG
TNF-α	TGTCTCAGCCTCTTCTCATT	AGATGATCTGAGTGTGAGGG
MCP 1	ACCACAGTCCATGCCATCAC	TTGAGGTGGTTGTGGAAAAG
TGF-β	CACCGGAGAGCCCTGGATA	TGTACAGCTGCCGCACACA
COL1A1	TGATGGGGAAGCTGGCAAG	GAAGCCTCGGTGTCCCTTC
α-SMA	AGCATCCGACACTGCTGAC	GGGACAGCACAGCCTGAAT
β-actin	GCCTTCCTTCTTGGGTATGG	GCACTGTGTTGGCATAGAGG

Table 2 Plasma biochemistry, kidney weight, and kidney lipid changes after coagonist treatment in diet-induced obese mice (46-48 wk old)

Parameter/treatment	Vehicle control	Coagonist (150 µg/kg, sc)	Chow-fed control
Plasma creatinine (μmol/L)	36.2 ± 4.1	17.6 ± 5.4a	15.9 ± 2.3a
Plasma BUN (mg/dL)	48.1 ± 5.8	24.8 ± 2.3a	18.2 ± 4.2a
Urinary albumin (μg/d)	210.7 ± 15.4	71.3 ± 5.8a	50.9 ± 4.7a
Renal triglycerides (μg/mg of protein)	64.8 ± 5.8	27.8 ± 8.4a	25.3 ± 2.8a
Renal cholesterol (μg/mg of protein)	22.5 ± 5.4	12.6 ± 3.3a	5.7 ± 2.1a
Kidney weight (mg)	541.2 ± 46.8	387.4 ± 14.8a	210.3 ± 42.4a

Data are shown as the mean ± SE.

^aP < 0.05, vs vehicle control. BUN: Blood urea nitrogen.

Table 3 Plasma biochemistry and kidney weight changes after coagonist treatment in streptozotocin-high-fat and db/db mice

Parameter/treatment	Chow-fed control	HFSTZ control	HFSTZ + Coagonist	db/db mice	db/db mice + Coagonist
Plasma leptin (ng/mL)	6.0 ± 1.2	12.4 ± 2.3a	8.1 ± 2.2e	64.3 ± 8.9a	31.5 ± 5.2c
HOMA-IR	2.0 ± 0.1	19.1 ± 2.5a	7.5 ± 3.1e	70.3 ± 2.8a	27.3 ± 1.7c
AUC of glucose in IPGTT (mg/dL*240 min)	22118.3 ± 1036.3	37436 ± 3526.1a	28419.0 ± 2013.2e	89249.0 ± 6056.1a	59430.3 ± 3437.5c
AUC of glucose in ITT (mg/dL*240 min)	6318.5 ± 972.5	22054.0 ± 784.8a	14171.5 ± 624.7e	51317.3 ± 2501.4a	22548.1 ± 3054.1c
Kidney weight (mg)	248.7 ± 35.6	542.8 ± 41.8a	331.2 ± 41.5e	367.2 ± 55.2a	244.4 ± 5 1.3c

Data are shown as the mean ± SE.

^aP < 0.05, vs chow-fed control;

^cP < 0.05, vs db/db control;

^eP < 0.05, vs HFSTZ control. HFSTZ: Streptozotocin-high-fat; AUC: Area under curve; IPGTT: Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test; ITT: Insulin tolerance test; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance.