Risk factors for low high-density lipoprotein among Asian Indians in the United States

Table 1 Significant differences between male and females for individual components of the metabolic syndrome

Variable	% Male Meeting Criteria	% Female Meeting Criteria	Significance
Elevated blood glucose: ≥ 100 mg/dL or previous diagnosis of diabetes	71.77%	59.69%	(F1, 971) = 15.64 P < 0.001
Elevated blood pressure: ≥ 130/≥ 85 mmHg or previous diagnosis of hypertension	38.32%	31.45%	(F1, 836) = 4.16 P = 0.042
Elevated triglycerides: ≥ 150 mg/dL	48.65%	33.49%	(F1, 1011) = 23.65 P < 0.001
Elevated Waist Circumference: ≥ 35.4 inches for males, ≥ 31.5 inches for females	56.41%	67.78%	(F1, 1018) = 13.59 P < 0.001
Low HDL: Low HDL < 40 mg/dL in males, < 50 mg/dL in females or previous treatment for low HDL	34.48%	42.30%	(F1, 987) = 6.26 P = 0.012

HDL: High density lipoprotein.

Table 2 Specifically at participants with diagnosed or undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus

Variable	% Males with diagnosed Diabetes who Meet the Criteria	% Female with diagnosed Diabetes who Meet the Criteria	Significance
Elevated blood pressure: ≥ 130/≥ 85 mmHg or previous diagnosis of hypertension	54.95%	54.72%	(F1, 162) = 0.001 P = 0.977
Elevated triglycerides: ≥ 150 mg/dL	57.63%	51.72%	(F1, 174) = 0.545 P = 0.462
Elevated Waist Circumference: ≥ 35.4 inches for males, ≥ 31.5 inches for females	80.00%	80.70%	(F1, 175) = 0.012 P = 0.913
Low HDL: Low HDL < 40 mg/dL in males, < 50 mg/dL in females or previous treatment for low HDL	39.32%	60.71%	(F1, 171) = 7.185 P = 0.008

HDL: High density lipoprotein.

Table 3 Significant factors associated with low high density lipoprotein in Asian Indian population

Variables in the Equation
		B	SE	Wald	df	Sig.	Exp (B)	95%CI for EXP(B)
Lower	Upper
Step 1a	Diab_Category			0.229	2	0.892
	Diab_Category(1)	-0.089	0.341	0.068	1	0.795	0.915	0.469	1.787
	Diab_Category(2)	0.057	0.252	0.051	1	0.821	1.059	0.646	1.737
	Gender(1)	-0.294	0.236	1.562	1	0.211	0.745	0.470	1.182
	Age of respondent	0.028	0.010	8.793	1	0.003	1.029	1.010	1.048
	Physicalact	1.004	0.409	6.034	1	0.014	2.730	1.225	6.082
	Nutrition	0.100	0.407	0.061	1	0.806	1.105	0.498	2.453
	TobaccoUse_Rec(1)	-0.513	0.508	1.019	1	0.313	0.599	0.221	1.621
	FamHistory	0.148	0.226	0.425	1	0.515	1.159	0.744	1.807
	Income_Rec			3.456	2	0.178
	Income_Rec(1)	0.451	0.305	2.180	1	0.140	1.570	0.863	2.857
	Income_Rec(2)	0.424	0.254	2.801	1	0.094	1.529	0.930	2.513
	Lifestyle	-0.389	0.258	2.268	1	0.132	0.678	0.408	1.124
	Knowledge of CVD risk	0.099	0.067	2.191	1	0.139	1.104	0.968	1.259
	Knowledge of DM risk	-0.230	0.097	5.652	1	0.017	0.795	0.658	0.960
	BMI_Up	-0.077	0.03	6.560	1	0.010	0.926	0.873	0.982
	Constant	2.182	1.194	3.338	1	0.068	8.864

^aVariable(s) entered on step 1: Diab_Category, gender, age of respondent, physicalact, nutrition, TobaccoUse_Rec, FamHistory, Income_Rec, Lifestyle, Knowledge of CVD risk, Knowledge of DM Risk, BMI_Up. CVD: Cardiovascular disease; BMI: Body mass index; DM: Diabetes mellitus.