Neuroendocrine hormone amylin in diabetes

Table 1 Physiological actions of amylin

Neuroendocrine effects

Inhibiting insulin secretion in a high concentration

Inhibiting glucagon secretion at mealtime

Delaying nutrient delivery from stomach to the small intestine

Reducing food intake by a signal from the central nervous system

Metabolic effects

Co-regulating glucose with insulin and glucagon

Inhibiting muscle glycogen synthesis[15]

Stimulating oxidative responses and low density lipoprotein uptake in insulin-producing cells

Inhibiting bone resorption

Lipolytic-like effects

Renal effects

Renin ↑

Angiotensin II ↑

Regulating renal growth

Regulating water-sodium homeostasis

Haemodynamic effect

Aldosterone ↑

Hypocalcaemia

Vasodilation

Table 2 Prevalence of the amylin gene mutation S20G in Asian populations (%) n

	Ref.	Type 2 diabetes	Impaired glucose tolerance	Type 1 diabetes	Control
Japanese	Seino et al[50]	2.6 (1538)	-	-	0.8 (1108)
Japanese	Yamada et al[51]	4.7 (86)	-	-	1.6 (182)
Japanese	Sakagashira et al[49]	4.1 (294)	-	0 (59)	0 (187)
Hong Kong Chinese	Ng et al[53]	1.5 (462)	-	-	0 (126)
Taiwanese	Chuang et al[54]	1.6 (182)	4.2 (24)	1.6 (122)	4.4 (99)
Mainland Chinese	Lee et al[52]	2.1 (94)	-	-	0 (106)