Nutrition, insulin resistance and dysfunctional adipose tissue determine the different components of metabolic syndrome

Table 1 Composition and body fat distribution after three dietary interventions in insulin-resistant subjects

	Baseline	High-SAT	High-MUFA	High-CHO	P
EE, (kJ/min)	5.36 ± 0.40	5.49 ± 3.90	5.23 ± 0.37	5.02 ± 0.36	0.3
Anthropometry
Weight, kg	84.4 ± 5.7	83.2 ± 5.7	83.6 ± 5.8	81.8 ± 6.03	0.3
Total body fat, kg	36.8 ± 4.1	35.0 ± 4.0	35.6 ± 4.0	34.9 ± 4.3	0.1
Lean body mass, kg	47.5 ± 2.5	48.1 ± 2.5	48.9 ± 2.6	46.8 ± 2.1	0.2
Waist to hip ratio	0.99 ± 0.01	0.99 ± 0.01	0.98 ± 0.01	0.98 ± 0.01	0.9
DEXA analysis
Total body trunk, g	-	37101 ± 2026	38154 ± 1911	39134 ± 2104	0.3
Fatty body trunk, g	-	14313 ± 1362	14842 ± 1437	16459 ± 1653	< 0.05
Total body limb, g	-	36420 ± 3886	36239 ± 3862	32887 ± 3825	0.7
Fat in arm, g	-	7097 ± 1528	7652 ± 1339	7225 ± 1830	0.4
Fat in leg, g	-	8517 ± 1588	8036 ± 1398	7358 ± 1253	< 0.05
Fat trunk:fat leg ratio	-	1.9 ± 0.3	2.1 ± 0.2	2.50 ± 0.2	< 0.05

Data are mean ± SE. P value is analysis of variance for repeated variables. Copyright 2007 American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1717-1723. Reprinted with permission from the American Diabetes Association. EE: Energy expenditure; SAT: Saturated fat; MUFA: Monounsaturated fat; CHO: Carbohydrates rich diets; DEXA: Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Table 2 Gene expression ARRAYS of peripheral-white adipose tissue in fasting state and its responses to postprandial specific diets and insulin stimulus

	Baseline (n = 8)	P1	High-MUFA (n = 9)	High-SAT (n = 9)	High-CHO (n = 9)	P2	Postinsulin (n = 9)	P3	P4
INSR	6.74 ± 0.11	0.69	6.94 ± 0.06	6.95 ± 0.01	6.98 ± 0.04	0.95	6.99 ± 0.04	0.93	0.10
GCGR	6.25 ± 0.13	0.03	5.92 ± 0.06	5.90 ± 0.07	5.89 ± 0.06	0.95	5.75 ± 0.07	0.93	0.04
BMP7	4.80 ± 0.08	0.69	4.49 ± 0.07	4.45 ± 0.09	4.53 ± 0.11	0.95	4.55 ± 0.09	0.93	0.33
BMP2	6.21 ± 0.10	0.62	5.89 ± 0.09	5.96 ± 0.06	5.92 ± 0.09	0.95	5.89 ± 0.07	0.93	0.12
PPARG	9.06 ± 0.28	0.11	9.64 ± 0.08	9.44 ± 0.10	9.57 ± 0.09	0.95	9.97 ± 0.13	0.14	0.04
ADIPOQ	10.89 ± 0.4	0.69	11.65 ± 0.06	11.33 ± 0.22	11.46 ± 0.11	0.95	11.53 ± 0.16	0.93	0.10
LEP	9.37 ± 0.34	0.60	9.87 ± 0.16	9.64 ± 0.22	9.91 ± 0.18	0.95	10.11 ± 0.14	0.93	0.04
ADRβ3	5.23 ± 0.12	0.69	5.06 ± 0.12	5.01 ± 0.10	5.05 ± 0.17	0.95	5.22 ± 0.11	0.93	0.82
RETN	6.19 ± 0.05	0.02	5.59 ± 0.10	5.63 ± 0.07	5.72 ± 0.09	0.95	5.68 ± 0.08	0.93	0.10
IL-6	4.33 ± 0.12	0.69	4.24 ± 0.10	4.27 ± 0.08	4.43 ± 0.16	0.95	4.26 ± 0.11	0.93	0.60
IL6R	6.50 ± 0.08	0.11	6.83 ± 0.06	6.86 ± 0.06	6.86 ± 0.07	0.95	6.85 ± 0.05	0.93	0.10
TNF-α	5.25 ± 0.05	0.69	5.11 ± 0.07	5.13 ± 0.06	5.26 ± 0.08	0.95	5.08 ± 0.07	0.93	0.10
TNFRSF1A	7.49 ± 0.11	0.69	7.68 ± 0.05	7.79 ± 0.07	7.74 ± 0.06	0.95	7.70 ± 0.06	0.93	0.38
TNFRSF1B	8.19 ± 0.09	0.20	8.51 ± 0.04	8.52 ± 0.04	8.56 ± 0.03	0.95	8.52 ± 0.04	0.93	0.10

Gene-expression profiles of the same patient with NAFLD (n = 9) from human peripheral (white) adipose tissue were generated with the use of the Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 platform. Gene-chip normalization avoids the use of unstable single housekeeping genes and thus can be technically superior for clinical biomarker studies. Data are mean ± SE. P1 value compare baseline in fasting state and postprandial MUFA, SAT and CHO dietary periods with ANOVA repeated measured (n = 8). P2 value compares postprandial MUFA, SAT and CHO dietary periods with ANOVA repeated measured (n = 9). P3 value compares post-insulin infusion state (180’) and postprandial MUFA, SAT and CHO dietary periods with ANOVA repeated measured (n = 9). P4 value compares baseline in fasting state and post-insulin infusion state (180’) with paired t-test analysis (n = 8). P-values for multiple comparisons were adjusted by Hommel’s test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. INSR: Insulin receptor; GCGR: Glucagon receptor; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein; PPARG: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; ADIPOQ: Adiponectin; LEP: Leptin; ADRβ3: Adrenergic β-3 receptor; RETN: Resistin; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-6R: Interleukin-6 receptor; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TNFRSF1A: Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A; TNFRSF1B: Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1B; MUFA: High monounsaurated fatty acid diet; SAT: High saturated fatty acid diet; CHO: Low fat-high carbohydrate diet.