Update on type 2 diabetes-related osteoporosis

Table 1 Recent studies on the type 2 diabetes mellitus-related osteoporosis in humans (2010-2014)

Site of bone	Technique	Subjects	Main findings in T2DM group	Ref.
Distal radius	HR-pQCT	60 postmenopausal women	Low cortical thickness and low trabecular number	[3]
Distal tibia	HR-pQCT		Lower cortical thickness
Mid-shaft tibia	Microindentation		Poor bone quality (low BMS)
Distal radius	DXA, HR-pQCT	80 postmenopausal women with or without fractures	Higher cortical porosity in T2DM with fractures	[4]
Ultradistal radius	DXA, HR-pQCT		Higher cortical porosity in T2DM with fractures
Distal tibia	DXA, HR-pQCT		Lower cortical porosity in T2DM with fractures
Ultradistal tibia	DXA, HR-pQCT		Lower BMD and cortical porosity in T2DM with fractures
Distal radius	MRI	60 postmenopausal women	Greater trabecular network holes	[5]
Distal radius	HR-pQCT	38 postmenopausal women	Higher cortical porosity	[6]
Tibia	HR-pQCT		Higher volumetric BMD and trabecular thickness
Mid-shaft radius	pQCT	1171 men (≥ 65 yr)	Lower bone bending strength	[7]
Mid-shaft tibia	pQCT		Lower bone bending strength

BMD: Bone mineral density; BMS: Bone material strength; DXA: Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; HR-pQCT: High resolution-peripheral quantitative computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.