Acute effects of physical exercise in type 2 diabetes: A review

Table 1 Summary of human studies about acute effects of physical exercise in type 2 diabetes

Ref.	Sample	Exercise intervention	Results
Lima et al[4]	T2D = 11	20 min of cycle ergometer at 90% and 110% LT, and control session	Higher intensity exercise (110% LT) was more effective than lower intensity (90% LT)
Sriwijitkamol et al[5]	Obese T2D = 12 Obese CG = 8 Lean CG = 8	40 min of cycle ergometer at 50% and 70% VO2max	Obese and T2D had attenuated exercise-stimulated AMPK activity and AS160 phosphorylation. T2D had reduced basal PGC-1 gene expression but normal exercise-induced increases in PGC-1 expression
Borghouts et al[12]	T2D = 8 CG = 8	1 h of cycle ergometer at 40% VO2peak and control session	Muscle glycogen oxidation was lower in T2D than in CG. Plasma glucose contributed more to energy expenditure in T2D than CG
Braun et al[24]	Insulin-resistant = 6 Insulin-sensitive = 6	50 min of treadmill walking at 45% VO2max	Carbohydrate oxidation and estimated muscle glycogen use were significantly lower in the insulin-resistance group
Ghanassia et al[25]	T2D = 30 CG = 38	Increasing exercise intensity in cycle ergometer	Lipid oxidation was lower in T2D. Maximal lipid oxidation point and the crossover point were lower in T2D
Lima et al[26]	T2D = 9 CG = 11	20 min of cycle ergometer at 90% LT, increasing exercise intensity and control session	T2D have a better fat oxidation after high-intensity exercise than moderate exercise. T2D had less fat oxidation than CG after moderate exercise
Motta et al[29]	T2D = 10 CG = 10	20 min of cycle ergometer at 90% LT and control session	CG presented PEH, but not in the T2D. Plasma kallikrein activity increased postexercise in the CG, but not in the T2D
Simões et al[38]	T2D = 10 CG = 10	Resistance exercise circuit at 43% and 23% 1RM (approximately 25 min), and control session	43% 1RM promoted PEH, whereas the 23% did not
Asano et al[60]	T2D = 11	20 min of cycle ergometer at 80% and 120% LT, and control session	Exercise above LT (120% LT) increase nitric oxide and decrease SBP post-exercise, but about 80% LT not

T2D: Type 2 diabetics; LT: Lactate threshold; CG: Control group; VO_2max: Maximal oxygen uptake; VO_2peak: Peak oxygen uptake; PEH: Post-exercise hypotension; 1RM: 1-repetition maximum; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; PGC-1: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha.