Conventional insulin vs insulin infusion therapy in acute coronary syndrome diabetic patients

Table 1 Main clinical characteristics of study population

	Total	Convenzional insulin treatment	Infusion insulin treatment	P value
	n = 44	n = 23	n = 21
Gender (M)	72.7	69.6	76.2	0.622
Age (yr)	68.2 ± 11.5	69.6 ± 12.0	66.6 ± 11.0	0.397
BMI	29 (26; 31)o	28 (26; 32)	29 (26; 30)	0.867
Urea mg/dL	46.7 ± 20.7	46.3 ± 15.5	47.2 ± 25.6	0.880
Creatinine mg/dL	1.0 ± 0.3	1.0 ± 0.4	1.0 ± 0.2	0.341
Basal glycated haemoglobin (%)	8.3 ± 1.8	8.1 ± 1.8	8.5 ± 1.9	0.459
First fasting glycaemia (mmol/L)	9.1 (7.4; 12.1)	9.4 (8.3; 10.9)	8.8 (6.9; 12.3)	0.435
Admission glycaemia (mmol/L)	12.0 (10.3; 13.8)	11.4 (10.0; 13.2)	13.0 (10.8; 17.1)	0.205
Glycated haemoglobin after 3 mo from discharge (%)	8.1 ± 1.0	8.0 ± 1.1	8.3 ± 0.6	0.575
% Patients with new diagnosis of diabetes	13.6	13	14.3	1.000
% Patients under insulin treatment before admittance	26.3	26.3	26.3	1.000
% Patients with previous AMI	18.8	17.7	20.0	1.000
Lenght of in-hospital stay (d)	8 (7; 10)	8 (7; 10)	9 (7; 12)	0.368
% Patients with STEMI	45.5	34.8	57.1	0.137
% Patients with non-STEMI	47.7	56.5	38.1	0.222
% oPatients with in-hospital major complications1	18.2	8.7	28.6	0.088
% Diabetic patients under dietetic treatment only	15.9	8.7	23.8	0.232
% Diabetic patients under oral antidiabetic drugs	45.5	52.2	38.1	0.382
% Patients under insulin treatment1	20.5	21.7	19.1	1.000

^oInterquartile ranges (25^th; 75^th percentile) values reported in brackets;

¹Major complications include re-infarction, malignant arrhythmias, death. M: Males; BMI: Body mass index; AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Table 2 Hypo and hyperglycaemic states in patients treated with conventional insulin or insulin-infused protocol

	Total	Conventional insulin treatment	Infusion insulin treatment	P value
	n = 44	n = 23	n = 21
% Patients with glycaemic values > 11.1 mmol/L (at least one determination)	100.0	100.0	100.0	-
% Patients with glycaemic values 7.77-11.1 mmol/L (at least one determination)	100.0	100.0	100.0	-
% Patients with glycaemic values 5.55-7.72 mmol/L (at least one determination)	90.9	95.7	85.7	0.335
% Patients with glycaemic values < 5.55 mmol/L (at least one determination)	45.5	39.1	52.4	0.378
% Patients with severe hypoglycaemia (i.e., glucose < 2.77 mmol/L)	6.8	0.0	14.3	0.100
% Patients with more than 5 glycaemic values > 13.88 mmol/L	22.7	21.7	23.8	0.870
% Patients with more than two glycaemic values > 16.66 mmol/L	13.6	8.7	19.1	0.403
Average number of glycaemic values evaluated	30.8 ± 12.5	23.4 ± 9.0	31.0 ± 10.8	P < 0.001
Number of glycaemic values evaluated	1356 (6; 56)o	538 (6; 38)	818 (12; 56)

^oInterquartile ranges (25^th; 75^th percentile) values reported in brackets.

Table 3 Main glucose variability parameters measured in patients treated with conventional insulin or insulin-infused therapy

	Total	Conventional insulin treatment	Infusion insulin treatment	P value
	n = 44	n = 23	n = 21
Median of glycaemic values
Glycaemic values (first 24 h) mmol/L	10.3 (9.0; 12.1)o	10.1 (8.6; 11.6)	10.3 (9.2; 12.1)	0.716
Glycaemic values (overall hospitalization) mmol/L	10.2 (8.8; 11.5)	9.8 (8.7; 10.7)	10.6 (9.1; 11.5)	0.366
Glycaemic values (pre-discharge) mmol/L	9.3 (8.6; 10.2)	9.1 (8.5; 9.9)	9.4 (8.6; 11.4)	0.331
Median of glycaemic values variability (δ)
Variability of glycaemic values (first 24 h)	6.2 (4.5; 9.5)	5.7 (2.9; 7.5)	6.9 (5.5; 10.2)	0.045
Variability of glycaemic values (overall hospitalization)	9.9 (8.1; 13.1)	9.3 (7.3; 10.9)	10.9 (9.2; 14.3)	0.028
Variability of glycaemic values (pre-discharge)	5.2 (3.6; 6.1)	4.3 (2.9; 6.1)	5.3 (4.3; 6.8)	0.236
Median of glycaemic variability (Coefficient of Variation)
Glycaemic Coefficient of Variation (first 24 h)	21.4% (15.7%; 31.2%)	19.6% (12.6%; 29.6%)	23.1% (20.7%; 33.1%)	0.059
Glycaemic Coefficient of Variation (overall hospitalization)	25.3% (20.7%; 28.5%)	27.1% (20.7%; 30.1%)	24.9% (21.7%; 27.1%)	0.518
Glycaemic Coefficient of Variation (pre-discharge)	23.1% (17.0%; 28.5%)	23.1% (14.8%; 26.4%)	23.4% (17.9%; 29.1%)	0.466

^oInterquartile ranges (25^th; 75^th percentile) values reported in brackets.