Impact of chronic disease self-management programs on type 2 diabetes management in primary care

Table 1 Characteristics of study participants (n = 196)

	Controls (n = 95)		CDSMP (n = 101)		P-value
	No.	%	No.	%
Age group (yr)					0.32
30-44	15	15.8	12	11.9
45-64	55	57.9	69	68.3
≥ 65	25	26.3	20	19.8
Gender					0.74
Female	53	55.8	54	53.5
Male	42	44.2	47	46.5
Hispanic					0.46
Yes	15	15.8	20	19.8
No	80	84.2	81	80.2
Minority1					0.32
Yes	32	33.7	41	40.6
No	63	66.3	60	59.4
Race/Ethnicity					0.60
African American	17	17.9	21	20.8
Hispanic	15	15.8	20	19.8
Neither Hispanic or African-American	63	66.3	60	59.4
Income					0.40
< $15000	9	10.5	12	13.6
$15000-$24999	16	18.6	11	12.5
$25000-$49999	30	34.9	41	46.6
$50000-$75000	17	19.8	12	13.6
> $75000	14	16.3	12	13.6
Education					0.48
High school graduate or less	25	26.3	26	25.7
Some college/vocation school	36	37.9	46	45.5
College graduate or higher	34	35.8	29	28.7
HbA1c (%), mean ± SD	9.2	1.6	9.4	1.7	0.48
SBP (mm/Hg), mean ± SD	132.9	21.7	131.9	14.1	0.73
DBP (mm/Hg), mean ± SD	75.8	13.6	79.4	9.8	0.05
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	33.9	7.7	33.5	8.0	0.70

¹African American or Hispanic. CDSMP: Chronic Disease Self-Management Program; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Baseline diabetes self-care activities monitoring, health-related quality of life, pain and fatigue measures

Measure	Controls	CDSMP	P
Diabetes self-care activity monitoring (d/wk)
30 min of any physical activity?	3.01	3.50	0.17
Daily exercise session?	2.23	2.53	0.40
Test your blood sugar?	4.22	4.38	0.70
Test sugar times provider recommends?	3.58	3.29	0.50
Check your feet?	5.20	4.41	0.04
Wash your feet?	6.58	6.36	0.29
Soak your feet?	1.73	1.21	0.14
Dry between your toes?	5.21	5.37	0.68
Inspect inside of shoes?	3.25	2.43	0.06
Follow a healthful eating plan?	3.80	3.92	0.71
Space carbohydrates evenly?	3.25	3.12	0.74
Eat ≥ 5 fruit/vegetable servings?	3.80	3.44	0.30
Eat high-fat products (red meat, full-fat diary)?	3.63	3.63	0.98
Eat packaged or bakery goods?	2.05	2.16	0.71
Health related quality of life (d/mo)
Physical health not good	3.98	5.96	0.07
Mental health not good	4.09	4.72	0.56
Physical/mental health hindered usual activities	1.82	3.65	0.05
Pain and fatigue measures (scale 1-10)
Average daily pain in the past 2 wk	3.74	3.74	1.00
Average daily fatigue in the past 2 wk	4.41	4.54	0.72

CDSMP: Chronic Disease Self-Management Program.

Table 3 Results from the linear mixed models

	Controls (n = 95)	CDSMP (n = 101)	Difference between the two groups
	Mean ± SE1	Mean ± SE1	Mean ± SE1
Baseline	9.018 ± 0.153	9.175 ± 0.149	0.157 ± 0.213
12 mo	8.442 ± 0.160	8.615 ± 0.156	0.173 ± 0.218
12 mo-Baseline	-0.576 ± 0.093a	-0.559 ± 0.091a	0.016 ± 0.112

¹Adjusted means from linear mixed models.

^aP < 0.0001 for test vs H₀: mean equals to 0.