Interrelationships between ghrelin, insulin and glucose homeostasis: Physiological relevance

Table 1 Effects of ghrelin treatment in human participants

Model	Treatment	Dose	Condition	Endogenous insulin	Insulin sensitivity
Healthy or hypopituitary humans	AG vs Ctrl (iv) AG + Arg vs Arg (iv)	AG: 1 to 2.2 μg/kg Arg: 0.5 g/kg	Fasting (overnight)	Decreased	Decreased[21,96-99]
Healthy or hypopituitary humans	AG + FFA vs FFA AG + UAG	AG: 1 μg/kg FFA: 25 g UAG: 1 μg/kg	Fasting (overnight)	Decreased	No change[96,98]
Healthy humans	AG + OGTT (iv) vs OGTT UAG vs Ctrl (iv) AG + UAG vs Ctrl (iv)	AG: 1 μg/kg OGTT: 100g UAG: 1 μg/kg	Fasting (overnight)	No change	No change[96,98]
Healthy humans	AG vs Ctrl (iv)	AG: 1 μg/kg	Fasting (overnight)	Increased	Decreased[96]
Healthy humans	AG vs Ctrl infusion 3h (iv)	AG: 5 pmol/kg per minute	Fasting (overnight)	-	Decreased[100]
Healthy, gastrectomized or hypopituitary humans	EHC: AG vs Ctrl 5 h (iv) pancreatic clamp + EHC:AG vs Ctrl 5 h (iv)	AG: 5 pmol/kg per minute	Fasting (overnight)	-	Decreased[101-104]
Healthy humans	EHC: AG 5 h (intramuscular)	AG: non-specified supraphysiological dose	Fasting (overnight)	-	Increased[105]

AG: Acylated ghrelin; iv: Intravenous; Arg: Arginine; Ctrl: Control; UAG: Unacylated ghrelin; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test; EHC: Euglycemic/hyperinsulinemic clamp.