Cluster analysis of computed tomography identifies duration-associated abdominal fat deposition in type 2 diabetes mellitus

doi:10.4239/wjd.124565

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 17, Issue 11

This Article

(6)

(8)

(0)

(180)

Peer-Review Report of This Article

Supplementary Materials of This Article

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Diabetes

ISSN

1948-9358

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Diabetes. Nov 15, 2026; 17(11): 124565
Published online Nov 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.124565

Table 1 Comparison of demographic and biochemical indicators between groups, mean ± SD

Item	Healthy group (n = 150)	Prediabetes group (n = 130)	DMa group (n = 207)	DMb group (n = 191)	P value
Gender (male/female)	75/75	77/53	106/101	100/91	0.127
Age (years)	55.20 ± 10.65	55.73 ± 10.23	56.13 ± 11.09	57.65 ± 9.36	0.122
Height (cm)	169.70 ± 9.75	167.8 ± 8.37	168.72 ± 8.54	169.13 ± 8.51	0.091
Weight (kg)	70.81 ± 10.97	70.66 ± 12.69	74.51 ± 16.35^a	75.42 ± 52.08^a	0.006^f
BMI (kg/m²)	24.88 ± 3.37	25.14 ± 3.40^a	25.95 ± 4.40^b	24.94 ± 3.90^a	0.000^f
FPG (mmol/L)	5.48 ± 0.98	5.96 ± 1.15^a	8.86 ± 3.97^b^,^d	8.43 ± 3.89^b^,^d	0.001^f
2 hours OGTT (mmol/L)	7.20 ± 1.19	9.72 ± 2.91^b	16.84 ± 5.44^b^,^d	15.17 ± 5.00^b^,^d	0.000^f
HbA1c (%)	5.41 ± 0.76	6.36 ± 1.47^b	8.64 ± 2.51^b^,^d	8.32 ± 2.03^b^,^d	0.000^f
Scr (μmol/L)	80.47 ± 1.47	77.58 ± 1.20	83.37 ± 1.25	90.12 ± 1.28	0.072
BUN (mmol/L)	5.09 ± 2.86	5.76 ± 3.02	5.18 ± 3.31	6.87 ± 4.77^b	0.034^f
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m²)	94.77 ± 3.18	95.51 ± 17.34	98.51 ± 21.99	82.39 ± 27.22^a^,^c^,^e	0.011^f
TG (mmol/L)	1.47 ± 0.17	1.70 ± 0.45	2.43 ± 2.64^a^,^c	2.39 ± 2.27^a^,^c	0.035^f
TC (mmol/L)	3.94 ± 0.87	4.17 ± 1.47	4.72 ± 1.44^a^,^c	4.78 ± 1.48^a^,^c	0.036^f
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.29 ± 0.64	1.31 ± 0.81	1.72 ± 0.44	1.11 ± 0.44^e	0.041^f
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.91 ± 0.16	2.77 ± 0.91	2.87 ± 1.07	3.54 ± 1.05	0.052
ALT (U/L)	25.79 ± 6.85	30.57 ± 2.54	48.85 ± 7.11^b^,^c	68.06 ± 15.51^b^,^c	0.023^f
AST (U/L)	29.72 ± 8.47	30.84 ± 2.01	48.78 ± 4.62^b^,^c	68.27 ± 16.03^b^,^c	0.010^f

^aP < 0.05 vs the control group.

^bP < 0.01 vs the control group.

^cP < 0.05 vs the prediabetes group.

^dP < 0.01 vs the prediabetes group.

^eP < 0.05 vs type 2 diabetes mellitus with disease duration < 5 years group.

^fP < 0.05.

DMa: Type 2 diabetes mellitus with disease duration < 5 years; DMb: Type 2 diabetes mellitus with disease duration ≥ 5 years; BMI: Body mass index; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; Scr: Serum creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.

Full Size Table

Table 2 Comparison of computed tomography values of different abdominal organs and fat area, mean ± SD

CT value or fat area values	Healthy group	Prediabetes group	DMa group	DMb group	P value
Liver (HU)	59.57 ± 5.30	54.45 ± 7.63	51.31 ± 8.41	51.22 ± 7.53	0.000^a
Spleen (HU)	47.24 ± 4.64	46.15 ± 5.10	46.96 ± 4.95	46.65 ± 4.81	0.263^a
Head of pancreas (HU)	42.33 ± 7.31	37.86 ± 9.06	36.64 ± 10.18	35.09 ± 10.30	0.000^a
Body of pancreas (HU)	42.65 ± 7.44	38.79 ± 9.03	37.20 ± 9.51	35.98 ± 7.94	0.000^a
Tail of pancreas (HU)	42.57 ± 5.87	38.58 ± 8.76	34.71 ± 9.93	33.53 ± 9.74	0.000^a
Renal parenchyma (HU)	29.72 ± 4.27	30.38 (25.28, 35.48)	30.89 ± 3.64	31.18 (25.50, 36.86)	0.015^a
L3 vertebral body (HU)	140.68 (69.20, 212.16)	120.38 (55.53, 185.23)	123.43 ± 44.14	98.29 (39.83, 156.75)	0.000^a
Psoas major (HU)	49.75 ± 5.71	47.97 ± 7.66	45.60 ± 6.99	43.65 (32.44, 54.86)	0.000^a
VAT (mm²)	94.80 (66.95, 122.65)	114.78 ± 43.14	119.67 (54.13, 185.21)	111.73 (45.37, 178.09)	0.000^a
SAT (mm²)	90.51 (61.66, 119.36)	144.35 ± 73.00	127.70 (18.30, 237.10)	135.40 (52.52, 218.28)	0.000^a
Renal sinus fat area (mm²)	1.47 ± 0.56	1.64 ± 0.63	1.79 ± 1.10	2.19 ± 1.16	0.000^a

^aP < 0.05.

CT: Computed tomography; DMa: Type 2 diabetes mellitus with disease duration < 5 years; DMb: Type 2 diabetes mellitus with disease duration ≥ 5 years; VAT: Visceral adipose tissue; SAT: Subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Full Size Table

Table 3 Comparison of fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, and glycated hemoglobin among different groups and multiple linear regression analysis

Item	FPG	2 hours OGTT	HbA1c
Item	β (SE, P value)	β (SE, P value)	β (SE, P value)
Prediabetes group
liver (HU)	-0.179 (0.158, 0.049)^a	-0.204 (0.288, 0.045)^a	-0.404 (0.011, 0.118)
Pancreas (HU)	-0.077 (0.023, 0.671)	-0.461 (0.047, 0.121)	-0.204 (0.019, 0.056)
DMa group
liver (HU)	-0.445 (0.611, 0.017)^a	-0.401 (0.117, 0.040)^a	-0.340 (0.419, 0.047)^a
Pancreas (HU)	-0.420 (0.088, 0.032)^a	-0.268 (0.216, 0.034)^a	-0.205 (0.069, 0.038)^a
VAT (mm²)	0.079 (0.006, 0.137)	0.016 (0.012, 0.117)	0.044 (0.004, 0.136)
SAT (mm²)	0.161 (0.004, 0.067)	0.110 (0.008, 0.074)	0.143 (0.002, 0.110)
DMb group
liver (HU)	-0.025 (0.666, 0.048)^a	-0.439 (0.008, 0.044)^a	-0.180 (0.004, 0.014)^a
Pancreas (HU)	-0.182 (0.109, 0.037)^a	-0.317 (0.091, 0.014)^a	-0.230 (0.050, 0.022)^a
Psoas major (HU)	-0.153 (0.053, 0.026)^a	-0.192 (0.077, 0.016)^a	-0.017 (0.035, 0.890)
Renal parenchyma (HU)	-0.260 (0.112, 0.009)^a	-0.588 (0.194, 0.029)^a	-0.022 (0.077, 0.048)^a
Renal sinus fat area (mm²)	0.273 (0.419, 0.028)^a	0.381 (0.084, 0.038)^a	0.285 (0.280, 0.007)^a

^aP < 0.05.

Β: Standardized coefficient; SE: Standard error; DMa: Type 2 diabetes mellitus with disease duration < 5 years; DMb: Type 2 diabetes mellitus with disease duration ≥ 5 years; BMI: Body mass index; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; Scr: Serum creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.

Full Size Table

Citation: Yang FZ, Li HY, Li G, Zhang YL, Ji Q. Cluster analysis of computed tomography identifies duration-associated abdominal fat deposition in type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(11): 124565
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i11/124565.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.124565

Yang FZ, Li HY, Li G, Zhang YL, Ji Q. Cluster analysis of computed tomography identifies duration-associated abdominal fat deposition in type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(11): 124565 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.124565]

All content on this site: Copyright © 1993-2026 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.