Accuracy and feasibility of initiating real-time continuous glucose monitoring in noncritically ill hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants, mean ± SD or n (%) or median (interquartile range)

Baseline characteristics	n = 25
Age (years)	72.8 ± 11.6
Female sex	16 (64)
BMI (kg/m2)	23.6 ± 3.6
Comorbidities
Hypertension	20 (80)
Dyslipidemia	16 (64)
Cerebrovascular disease	5 (20)
Coronary artery disease	4 (16)
Diabetes medication
No medication	5 (20)
OHA	10 (40)
Insulin	7 (28)
Insulin with OHA	3 (12)
HbA1c (%)	10 ± 3.1
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2)	37 (20, 69.5)
Steroid use	3 (12)
Total daily insulin dose before enrollment (U/kg/day)	0.5 (0.4, 0.7)
Respiratory support
No respiratory support	12 (48)
Oxygen cannula	6 (24)
HFNC	1 (4)
Mechanical ventilation	6 (24)
Organ failure
No organ failure	23 (92)
Kidney failure	2 (8)
NEWS2
0-4	17 (68)
5-6	5 (20)
≥ 7	3 (12)
Length of stay (days)	27 ± 22.3
Admission diagnosis
Infection	12 (48)
Stroke	5 (20)
Heart failure or myocardial infarction	4 (16)
Cancer	2 (8)
Diabetic ketoacidosis	2 (8)

BMI: Body mass index; OHA: Oral hypoglycemic agent; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; HFNC: High-flow nasal cannula; NEWS2: National Early Warning Score 2.

Table 2 The absolute relative difference according to capillary blood glucose range

Index	Capillary blood glucose range (mg/dL)			Total
	< 70	70-180	> 180
Paired values (n)	12	179	206	397
MARD (%), mean ± SD	28.4 ± 25.6	12.6 ± 11.4	11.0 ± 11.1	12.2 ± 12.2
ARD (%), median (Q1, Q3)	27.1 (10.2, 39.7)	9.3 (4.0, 17.2)	8.2 (3.4, 14.5)	9.1 (3.7, 15.5)
95%CI	12.2-44.7	10.9-14.2	9.5-12.5	11.0-13.4

ARD: Absolute relative difference; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; MARD: Mean absolute relative difference; Q1: First quartile; Q3: Third quartile.

Table 3 Mean absolute relative difference according to day of sensor wear

Day	Paired values (n)	MARD (%), mean ± SD	ARD (%), median (Q1, Q3)	95%CI
1	67	15.7 ± 12.7	13.7 (5.8, 22.7)	12.6-18.8
2	62	12.1 ± 8.4	11.0 (5.7, 16.5)	10.0-14.3
3	58	9.6 ± 9.1	7.1 (3.2, 13.1)	7.2-12.0
4	59	11.0 ± 11.4	8.3 (4.4, 14.2)	8.1-14.0
5	44	12.6 ± 15.2	6.7 (3.1, 17.2)	8.0-17.3
6	37	11.7 ± 12.4	7.6 (2.6, 14.3)	7.5-15.8
7	28	13.5 ± 12.7	11.7 (3.9, 17.5)	8.6-18.4
8	15	11.1 ± 11.1	8.1 (3.4, 11.4)	5.0-17.3
9-11	27	11.3 ± 18.3	5.9 (1.7, 14.7)	4.0-18.5
Total	397	12.2 ± 12.2	9.1 (3.7, 15.5)	11.0-13.4

ARD: Absolute relative difference; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; MARD: Mean absolute relative difference; Q1: First quartile; Q3: Third quartile.

Table 4 Agreement between paired sensor glucose and capillary blood glucose measurements according to capillary blood glucose range

Agreement level	± 10/10% (mg/dL)	± 15/15% (mg/dL)	± 20/20% (mg/dL)	± 30/30% (mg/dL)	± 40/40% (mg/dL)
Total	54.2%	72.8%	82.9%	91.7%	96.0%
95%CI	49.1-59.1	68.1-77.1	78.8-86.4	88.5-94.2	93.5-97.7
< 70 mg/dL	25.0%	25.0%	41.7%	58.3%	75%
95%CI	5.5-57.2	5.5-57.2	15.2-72.3	27.7-84.8	42.8-94.5
70-180 mg/dL	52.5%	72.1%	81.6%	90.5%	96.1%
95%CI	44.9-60.0	64.9-78.5	75.1-87.0	85.2-94.4	92.1-98.4
> 180 mg/dL	57.3%	76.2%	86.4%	94.7%	97.1%
95%CI	50.2-64.1	69.8-81.9	81.0-90.8	90.6-97.3	93.8-98.9

95%CI: 95% confidence interval.

Table 5 The paired sensor glucose and capillary blood glucose measurements were stratified into five zones

Zone	Percentage (%), n = 397
Zone A (clinical accuracy)	83.1
Zone B (no or benign treatment)	13.6
Zone C (overcorrection)	0.8
Zone D (dangerous failure to detect and treat)	2.5
Failure to detect hyperglycemia	1.0
Failure to detect hypoglycemia	1.5
Zone E (erroneous measurement)	0