Analysis of nasal secretion culture results in diabetic patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and factors influencing postoperative recurrence

Table 1 Distribution and composition ratio of pathogenic bacteria

Pathogenic bacteria	Number of strains	Composition ratio (%)
Gram-positive bacteria	81	60.4
Staphylococcus epidermidis	35	26.1
Staphylococcus aureus	24	17.9
Staphylococca hominis	8	6.0
Streptococcus pneumoniae	6	4.5
Staphylococcus saprophyticus	5	3.7
Staphylococcus haemolyticus	3	2.2
Gram-negative bacteria	53	39.6
Enterobacter aerogenes	16	11.9
Klebsiella pneumoniae	11	8.2
Escherichia coli	10	7.5
Enterobacter cloacae	8	6.0
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	6	4.5
Proteus mirabilis	2	1.5

Table 2 Antimicrobial susceptibility test results of 81 strains of Gram-positive bacteria

Drug	Resistant		Intermediate		Susceptible
	Number of bacterial strains	Resistance rate	Number of bacterial strains	Resistance rate	Number of bacterial strains	Susceptibility rate
Penicillin G	70	86.4	0	0	11	13.6
Erythromycin	61	75.3	0	0	20	24.7
Chloramphenicol	35	43.2	4	4.9	42	51.9
Vancomycin	0	0.0	2	2.5	79	97.5
Ciprofloxacin	30	37.0	15	18.5	36	44.5
Tetracycline	29	35.8	1	1.2	51	63.0
Gentamycin	20	24.7	3	3.7	58	71.6
Levofloxacin	18	22.2	9	11.1	54	66.7
Rifampicin	25	30.9	0	0	56	69.1
Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim	26	32.1	11	13.6	44	54.3

Table 3 Susceptibility test results of 53 strains of Gram-negative bacteria

Drug	Resistant		Intermediate		Susceptible
	Number of bacterial strains	Resistance rate	Number of bacterial strains	Resistance rate	Number of bacterial strains	Susceptibility rate
Cefazolin	50	94.3	3	5.7	0	0
Cefepime	3	5.7	1	1.9	49	92.4
Ceftazidime	2	3.8	2	3.8	49	92.4
Cefoperazone	4	7.5	8	15.1	41	77.4
Gentamycin	37	69.8	3	5.7	13	24.5
Ampicillin	27	50.9	2	3.8	24	45.3
Amikacin	6	11.3	0	0.0	47	88.7
Imipenem	0	0.0	0	0.0	53	100.0
Aztreonam	21	39.6	4	7.5	28	52.9
Meropenem	3	5.7	0	0.0	50	94.3
Piperacillin	22	41.5	0	0.0	31	58.5

Table 4 Comparison of clinical data between recurrence and non-recurrence groups

	Recurrence group (n = 40)	Non-recurrence group (n = 163)	χ2/t	P value
Gender			0.774	0.379
Male	22	77
Female	18	86
Age	46.93 ± 7.78	44.32 ± 10.16	1.516	0.131
Body mass index (kg/m2)	23.39 ± 2.34	23.41 ± 2.20	0.052	0.958
Course of diabetes (year)	6.57 ± 0.31	6.46 ± 0.47	1.337	0.183
Preoperative glycated hemoglobin level (%)	8.62 ± 1.75	8.37 ± 0.89	1.268	0.206
Fasting blood glucose level (mmol/L)	11.05 ± 1.87	8.22 ± 0.67	15.73	< 0.0001
Smoking history			8.988	0.003
With	28	71
Without	12	92
Alcohol consumption history			0.029	0.866
With	21	88
Without	19	75
Lund-Mackay score	18.15 ± 3.53	10.02 ± 3.34	13.65	< 0.0001
VAS-measured nasal symptom severity score	6.95 ± 0.85	5.11 ± 0.66	14.94	< 0.0001
Surgery site			0.065	0.799
Left	22	86
Right	18	77
Operation time (min)	61.48 ± 5.89	62.72 ± 7.44	0.979	0.329
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	46.40 ± 4.98	47.31 ± 5.32	0.984	0.326
Nasal septum deviation			7.086	0.008
With	29	80
Without	11	83
Allergic rhinitis			5.588	0.018
With	25	68
Without	15	95
Bronchial asthma			8.783	0.003
With	22	49
Without	18	114
Middle turbinectomy			0.447	0.504
With	16	56
Without	24	107
Postoperative infection			10.481	0.001
With	17	30
Without	23	133
Long-term use of nasal decongestants			5.580	0.018
With	26	72
Without	14	91
Anxiety			1.697	0.193
With	23	75
Without	17	88
Compliance with medical prescriptions			13.961	0.0002
With	15	113
Without	25	50

VAS: Visual analog scale.

Table 5 Logistic regression analysis of postoperative recurrence

Variable	Assignment	β	SE	Wald	P value	HR	95%CI
Constant	-	-54.679	20.107	7.395	0.007	0.000	-
Fasting blood glucose	Continuous variable	2.269	0.977	5.391	0.020	9.673	1.424-65.681
Smoking history	1 = with, 0 = without	0.720	1.758	0.168	0.682	2.055	0.066-64.405
Lund-Mackay score	Continuous variable	1.163	0.830	1.965	0.161	3.201	0.629-16.281
VAS-measured nasal symptom severity score	Continuous variable	3.033	1.187	6.534	0.011	20.761	2.029-212.469
Nasal septum deviation	1 = companion, 0 = no companion	3.235	3.090	1.096	0.295	25.401	0.059-10847.845
Allergic rhinitis	1 = with, 0 = without	-2.240	2.686	0.695	0.404	0.106	0.001-20.592
Bronchial asthma	1 = with, 0 = without	-1.807	2.640	0.468	0.494	0.164	0.001-29.013
Postoperative infection	1 = with, 0 = without	-0.139	2.104	0.004	0.948	0.871	0.014-53.838
Long-term use of nasal decongestants	1 = with, 0 = without	-1.839	2.511	0.536	0.464	0.159	0.001-21.818
Compliance with medical prescriptions	1 = with, 0 = without	-1.128	2.506	0.203	0.652	0.324	0.001-29.013

VAS: Visual analog scale.