Rates and associates of influenza and pneumococcus vaccination in diabetes mellitus: A nationwide cross-sectional study (TEMD vaccination study)

Table 1 The comparison of the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with and without seasonal influenza and pneumococcal vaccination status

	Patients with T1DM, n = 454
	Influenza vac (+), n = 107 (23.6%)	Influenza vac (-), n = 346 (76.4%)	P value	Pneumo. vac (+), n = 36 (8.0%)	Pneumo. vac (-), n = 415 (92.0%)	P value
Sex (female)	72 (67.3)	207 (59.8)	0.165	23 (63.9)	254 (61.2)	0.751
Age (yr)	38.48 ± 13.61	32.18 ± 11.58	< 0.001	42.34 ± 14.51	32.94 ± 11.89	< 0.001
Diabetes duration (yr)	18.20 ± 11.20	12.19 ± 9.33	< 0.001	18.17 ± 11.52	13.23 ± 9.92	0.005
BMI (kg/m2)	24.67 ± 4.26	23.61 ± 4.08	0.021	24.44 ± 3.70	23.83 ± 4.18	0.399
SBP office (mm Hg)	118.44 ± 13.83	117.65 ± 15.35	0.635	119.64 ± 15.30	117.68 ± 14.99	0.452
DBP office (mm Hg)	74.44 ± 9.60	74.17 ± 9.44	0.796	75.22 ± 9.43	74.15 ± 9.51	0.518
HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol)	8.24 ± 1.77 (66.61 ± 19.33)	8.79 ± 2.04 (72.56 ± 22.33)	0.014	8.11 ± 2.05 (65.19 ± 22.42)	8.71 ± 1.99 (71.70 ± 21.72)	0.095
LDL-C (mg/dL)	112.75 ± 39.00	105.18 ± 35.67	0.072	117.12 ± 35.19	106.04 ± 36.65	0.086
TG (mg/dL)	110.83 ± 74.83	116.32 ± 170.15	0.754	132.29 ± 82.02	113.41 ± 158.08	0.486
HDL-C (mg/dL)	60.23 ± 18.70	56.32 ± 17.36	0.056	57.78 ± 19.49	57.01 ± 17.49	0.805
Macrovascular complications, n (%)	12 (11.2)	25 (7.2)	0.188	4 (11.1)	33 (8.0)	0.508
Microvascular complications, n (%)	42 (39.3)	125 (36.1)	0.558	17 (47.2)	149 (35.9)	0.177
Higher education, n (%)	82 (76.6)	255 (75.0)	0.732	31 (86.1)	304 (74.3)	0.116
Private care center, n (%)	18 (16.8)	23 (6.6)	0.001	6 (16.7)	35 (8.4)	0.099
Lower-income, n (%)	18 (21.4)	69 (25.7)	0.423	4 (14.3)	83 (25.7)	0.180
Current smoking, n (%)	19 (17.8)	98 (28.5)	0.027	9 (25.0)	109 (26.3)	0.862
Regular exercise, n (%)	30 (28.3)	67 (19.5)	0.055	9 (25.0)	88 (21.4)	0.616
Obesity, n (%)	13 (12.3)	26 (7.5)	0.130	4 (11.1)	35 (8.5)	0.590
Hypertension, n (%)	33 (30.8)	82 (23.8)	0.147	14 (38.9)	102 (24.7)	0.062
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	84 (83.2)	232 (70.9)	0.015	31 (88.6)	284 (72.6)	0.040
Statin treatment, n (%)	23 (21.5)	31 (9.0)	< 0.001	7 (19.4)	47 (11.3)	0.150
Insulin pump, n (%)	25 (23.8)	64 (18.6)	0.236	6 (16.7)	82 (19.9)	0.827
Achieving metabolic targets, n (%)
HbA1c on target (< 7%), (< 53 mmol/mol)	16 (15.2)	52 (15.4)	0.971	7 (20.6)	61 (15.0)	0.385
BP on target (< 130/80 mm Hg)	98 (91.6)	308 (89.5)	0.536	32 (89.9)	371 (89.8)	0.858
LDL-C on target (< 100 mg/dL)	35 (35.7)	162 (49.1)	0.020	10 (28.6)	186 (47.6)	0.031

T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; vac: Vaccination; Pneumo.: Pneumococcal, BMI: Body mass index; SBP and DPB: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; LDL-C and HDL-C: Low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides.

Table 2 The comparison of the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without seasonal influenza and pneumococcal vaccination status

	Patients with T2DM, n = 4721
	Influenza vac (+), n = 1003 (21.2%)	Influenza vac (-), n = 3718 (78.8%)	P value	Pneumo. vac (+), n = 330 (7.0%)	Pneumo. vac (-), n = 4366 (93.0%)	P value
Sex (female)	525 (52.3)	2251 (60.5)	< 0.001	180 (54.5)	2581 (59.1)	< 0.001
Age (yr)	62.22 ± 9.93	57.44 ± 10.36	< 0.001	63.97 ± 9.83	58.02 ± 10.38	< 0.001
Diabetes duration (yr)	13.62 ± 8.36	10.08 ± 7.09	< 0.001	14.10 ± 8.84	10.57 ± 7.36	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	31.60 ± 6.28	32.39 ± 6.65	0.004	31.08 ± 5.94	32.21 ± 6.61	< 0.001
SBP office (mm Hg)	133.32 ± 18.15	132.34 ± 18.40	0.138	133.83 ± 17.63	132.46 ± 18.40	0.191
DBP office (mm Hg)	79.56 ± 10.84	80.81 ± 10.79	0.001	78.90 ± 10.28	80.67 ± 10.86	0.004
HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol)	7.54 ± 1.59 (58.95 ± 17.41)	7.79 ± 1.78 (61.62 ± 19.49)	< 0.001	7.44 ± 1.59 (57.80 ± 17.33)	7.76 ± 1.76 (61.29 ± 19.20)	0.001
LDL-C (mg/dL)	109.27 ± 35.76	115.13 ± 36.15	< 0.001	107.80 ± 35.82	114.32 ± 36.14	0.002
TG (mg/dL)	169.75 ± 100.06	185.77 ± 136.46	0.001	172.21 ± 111.17	183.20 ± 131.21	0.144
HDL-C (mg/dL)	46.81 ± 12.55	46.46 ± 13.04	0.464	47.63 ± 11.91	46.43 ± 12.97	0.109
Macrovascular complications, n (%)	317 (31.6)	827 (22.2)	< 0.001	119 (36.1)	1013 (23.2)	< 0.001
Microvascular complications, n (%)	509 (50.7)	1734 (46.6)	0.021	175 (53.0)	2058 (47.1)	0.039
Higher education, n (%)	461 (46.7)	1331 (36.3)	< 0.001	155 (47.7)	1630 (37.9)	< 0.001
Private care center, n (%)	154 (15.4)	319 (8.6)	< 0.001	154 (15.4)	319 (8.6)	< 0.001
Lower income, n (%)	237 (29.8)	981 (33.5)	0.052	54 (23.9)	1157 (33.2)	0.004
Current smoking, n (%)	108 (10.8)	491 (13.3)	0.039	26 (7.9)	570 (13.1)	0.006
Regular exercise, n (%)	226 (22.9)	688 (18.8)	0.003	87 (26.7)	824 (19.2)	0.001
Obesity, n (%)	548 (55.2)	2180 (59.4)	0.016	173 (52.9)	2538 (58.9)	0.034
Hypertension, n (%)	768 (77.0)	2433 (65.9)	< 0.001	258 (78.7)	2924 (67.4)	< 0.001
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	939 (95.0)	3457 (95.1)	0.989	310 (94.8)	4061 (95.1)	0.835
Statin treatment, n (%)	531 (52.9)	1333 (35.9)	< 0.001	196 (59.4)	1659 (38.0)	< 0.001
Achieving targets, n (%)
HbA1c on target (< 7%) (53 mmol/mol)	434 (44.2)	1417 (39.1)	0.004	165 (50.8)	1677 (39.4)	< 0.001
BP on target (< 130/80 mg/dL)	700 (70.4)	2563 (69.6)	0.636	249 (75.9)	2999 (69.4)	0.013
LDL-C on target (< 100 mg/dL)	422 (43.6)	1245 (35.5)	< 0.001	141 (43.9)	1517 (36.7)	0.010

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; vac: Vaccination; Pneumo.: Pneumococcal, BMI: Body mass index; SBP and DPB: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; LDL-C and HDL-C: Low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides.