Wrist circumference: A new marker for insulin resistance in African women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Table 1 Clinical and biochemical features of the study subjects

Parameters	PCOS (n = 72)	Controls (n = 71)	P value
Age (yr)	24.4 ± 5.2	24.25 ± 5.5	0.869
Menarche age (yr)	12.97 ± 1.9	12.86 ± 1.8	0.723
Ferriman-Gallwey Score	8.62 ± 6.2	2.32 ± 2.3	< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	109.24 ± 17.26	100.86 ±15.27	0.003
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	71.84 ± 14.11	64.96 ± 12.53	0.003
BMI (kg/m²)	25.23 ± 5.55	23.07 ± 4.52	0.013
WC (cm)	84.28 ± 13.94	78.63 ± 11.60	0.009
WHR	0.81 ± 0.06	0.80 ± 0.05	0.101
WHtR	0.51 ± 0.08	0.48 ± 0.07	0.018
Dominant Wrist Circumference (cm)	15.98 ± 1.15	15.53 ± 0.87	0.009
Non-Dominant Wrist Circumference (cm)	15.80 ± 1.18	15.33 ± 0.87	0.009
Weight (kg)	66.9 ± 16.3	60.8 ± 11.8	0.013
Body fat (%)	35.05 ± 9.6	32.37 ± 8	0.076
Muscle (%)	26.6 ± 4.5	27.9 ± 3	0.042
Visceral fat	4.67 ± 2	3.97 ± 1.7	0.031
Glucose (mg/dL)	86.51 ± 10.3	84.3 ± 8.04	0.155
Insulin (µU/L)	14.91 ± 15.4	6.34 ± 3.8	< 0.001
HOMA-IR (mol × µU/L²)	3.40 ± 4.03	1.33 ± 0.83	< 0.001

PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome; IR: Insulin resistance; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR: Waist-to-height ratio; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin resistance; n: Number of participants.

Table 2 Clinical and biochemical features of the polycystic ovary syndrome subjects with and without insulin resistance

Parameters	PCOS IR+ (n = 28)	PCOS IR- (n = 44)	P value
Age (yr)	25.07 ± 5.67	23.98 ± 4.89	0.388
Menarche age (yr)	12.71 ± 2.03	13.14 ± 1.85	0.367
Ferriman-Gallwey Score	8.04 ± 6.91	9.00 ± 5.87	0.528
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	114.08 ± 22.20	106.59 ± 13.43	0.087
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	74.62 ± 17.42	70.32 ± 11.89	0.232
BMI (kg/m²)	27.39 ± 6.27	23.90 ± 4.66	0.016
WC (cm)	90.09 ± 15.76	80.58 ± 11.36	0.008
WHR	0.84 ± 0.07	0.80 ± 0.06	0.014
WHtR	0.54± 0.09	0.49 ± 0.07	0.014
Dominant wrist circumference (cm)	16.49 ± 1.27	15.66 ± 0.95	0.005
Non-dominant wrist circumference (cm)	16.33 ± 1.20	15.45 ± 1.03	0.002
Weight (kg)	72.88 ± 18.56	63.26 ± 13.86	0.025
Body fat (%)	38.50 ± 9.44	32.93 ± 9.22	0.017
Muscle (%)	26.30 ± 3.42	26.90 ± 5.09	0.591
Visceral fat	5.48 ± 2.15	4.16 ± 1.75	0.010
Glucose (mg/dL)	93.04 ± 10.34	82.36 ± 7.99	< 0.001
Insulin (µU/L)	26.22 ± 19.99	7.71 ± 2.99	< 0.001
HOMA-IR (mol × µU/L²)	6.26 ± 5.32	1.57 ± 0.63	< 0.001

Data presented as mean ± SD. PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome; IR: Insulin resistance; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR: Waist-to-height ratio; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin resistance; n: Number of participants.

Table 3 Logistic regression examining non-dominant wrist circumference

	B	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (B)
Age	0.031	0.055	0.311	1	0.577	1.031
Height	-0.052	0.045	1.323	1	0.250	0.950
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	-0.004	0.021	0.028	1	0.866	0.996
Non-dominant wrist circumference	0.737	0.291	6.424	1	0.011	2.089
Constant	-4.384	6.785	0.417	1	0.518	0.012

B: B coefficient; SE: Standard error; df: Degrees of freedom; Exp (B): Exponentiation of the B coefficient.

Table 4 Logistic regression examining waist circumference

	B	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (B)
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	-0.008	0.023	0.118	1	0.731	0.992
Height	-0.020	0.042	0.222	1	0.637	0.980
Age	0.020	0.055	0.133	1	0.715	1.020
WC	0.048	0.026	3.408	1	0.065	1.049
Constant	-1.383	6.739	0.042	1	0.837	0.251

WC: Waist Circumference; B: B coefficient; SE: Standard error; df: Degrees of freedom; Exp (B): Exponentiation of the B coefficient.

Table 5 Logistic regression examining body mass index

	B	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (B)
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	-0.004	0.022	0.034	1	0.854	0.996
Height	-0.010	0.041	0.060	1	0.807	0.990
Age	0.036	0.054	0.451	1	0.502	1.037
BMI	0.104	0.057	3.286	1	0.070	1.109
Constant	-2.215	6.653	0.111	1	0.739	0.109

BMI: Body mass index; B: B coefficient; SE: Standard error; df: Degrees of freedom; Exp (B): Exponentiation of the B coefficient.

Table 6 Logistic regression examining waist-to-hip ratio

	B	SE	Wald	df	P value	Exp (B)
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	0.003	0.022	0.025	1	0.873	1.003
Height	-0.002	0.041	0.003	1	0.956	0.998
Age	0.019	0.057	0.110	1	0.740	1.019
WHR	6.009	5.107	1.384	1	0.239	407.060
Constant	-5.891	7.309	0.650	1	0.420	0.003

WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; B: B coefficient; SE: Standard error; df: Degrees of freedom; Exp (B): Exponentiation of the B coefficient.

Table 7 Logistic regression examining waist-to-height ratio

	B	S.E.	Wald	df	P value	Exp (B)
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	-0.008	0.023	0.121	1	0.728	0.992
Height	0.004	0.041	0.012	1	0.914	1.004
Age	0.020	0.055	0.134	1	0.714	1.021
WHtR	7.878	4.312	3.338	1	0.068	2.638E3
Constant	-5.335	6.920	0.594	1	0.441	0.005

WHtR: Waist-to-height ratio; B: B coefficient; SE: Standard error; df: Degrees of freedom; Exp (B): Exponentiation of the B coefficient.