Exenatide once weekly combined with metformin reduced glycemic variability in type 2 diabetes by using flash glucose monitoring system

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients (mean ± SD)

Variable	Total (21)
Age (yr)	48.8 ± 8.4
Duration of diabetes (yr)	5.3 ± 2.1
Gender (female/male)	4/17
BMI (kg/m2)	26.7 ± 1.6
Smoking (%)	71.4
Hypertension (%)	66.7
Macrovascular complications (%)	19.0
Microvascular complications (%)	38.1

BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Blood glucose level and time in range at baseline and 12 wk [mean ± SD or median (interquartile range)]

Variable	Baseline	12 wk	P value
eHbA1c (%)	8.4 ± 1.4	7.0 ± 1.3	0.003
MBG (mmol/L)	10.8 ± 2.3	8.6 ± 2.0	0.003
TIR (h)	6.1 ± 5.9	11.5 ± 5.8	0.005
TOR (h)	17.9 ± 5.9	12.5 ± 5.8	0.005

eHbA1c: Estimated glycated hemoglobin; MBG: Mean blood glucose; TIR: Time in range; TOR: Time out of range.

Table 3 Parameters of glycemic variability at baseline and 12 wk [mean ± SD or median (interquartile range)]

Variable		Baseline	12 wk	P value
SDBG (mmol/L)		2.8 ± 0.8	2.3 ± 0.6	0.017
CV (%)		26.3 ± 5.4	26.3 ± 3.5	0.997
MAGE (mmol/L)	Overall	5.7 ± 1.3	4.5 ± 1.1	0.006
	During day	5.8 ± 1.2	4.6 ± 1.3	0.010
	At night	4.7 ± 1.8	3.6 ± 1.2	0.020
MODD (mmol/L)	Overall	2.8 ± 1.2	1.6 ± 0.4	0.000
	During day	2.9 ± 1.1	1.8 ± 0.5	0.001
	At night	1.8 (1.1-3.9 )	1.0 (0.6-1.5 )	0.007
LAGE (mmol/L)	Overall	15.2 ± 2.6	13.5 ± 3.2	0.092
	During day	14.8 ± 2.8	13.1 ± 3.3	0.127
	At night	9.7 ± 3.6	8.5 ± 2.4	0.258
AUC of IQR		5017.5 ± 1932.8	3877.1 ± 1001.1	0.024
AUC of IDR		9713.2 ± 2782.2	8015.9 ± 2208.2	0.036

AUC of IDR: Area under the curve between percentiles 10 and 90; AUC of IQR: Area under the curve between percentiles 25 and 75; CV: Coefficient of variation; LAGE: Large amplitude of glycemic excursion; MAGE: Mean amplitude of glycemic excursion; MODD: Mean of daily difference; SDBG: Standard deviation of blood glucose.

Table 4 Duration of hypoglycemia at baseline and after treatment [median (interquartile range)]

Variable	Before trial	After trial	P value
Hypoglycemia cutoff: 3.9 mmol/L
Throughout the day (min)	0 (0-2.3)	1.1 (0-22.0)	0.041
During day (min)	0 (0-1.3)	0 (0-3.0)	0.157
At night (min)	0 (0-0)	1.1 (0-10.0)	0.028
Hypoglycemia cutoff: 3.0 mmol/L
Throughout the day (min)	0 (0,0)	0 (0, 0)	0.207
During day (min)	0 (0,0)	0 (0, 0)	0.197
At night (min)	0 (0-0)	0 (0, 0)	0.465

Table 5 Comparison of metabolic indicators before and after treatment (mean ± SD)

Variable	Baseline	12 wk	P value
Weight (kg)	78.1 ± 8.3	77.3 ± 8.5	0.008
Waist circumference (cm)	100.8 ± 9.2	99.5 ± 8.5	0.021
HOMA-IR	4.8 ± 2.2	4.0 ± 1.9	0.033
HOMA-β	41.2 ± 24.1	64.4 ± 51.6	0.046

HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; HOMA-β: Homeostasis model assessment beta cell.