Association between restrictive pulmonary disease and type 2 diabetes in Koreans: A cross-sectional study

doi:10.4239/wjd.v11.i10.425

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Oct 15, 2020 (publication date) through Apr 26, 2024

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World Journal of Diabetes

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Retrospective Cohort Study

World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2020; 11(10): 425-434
Published online Oct 15, 2020. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v11.i10.425

Table 1 Characteristics of individuals with normal, restrictive, and obstructive pulmonary disease

	Normal, n = 2177	RPD, n = 251	OPD, n = 402
Age (yr)¹	53.50 ± 0.27^a	57.79 ± 0.81^b	62.40 ± 0.65^c
Male (%)¹	45.1^a	50.8^a	78.5^b
T2DM (%)¹	7.9^a	21.1^b	12.2^c
HOMA-IR¹	2.10 ± 0.07^a	3.13 ± 0.41^b	2.21 ± 0.14^a
HOMA-beta¹	78.51 ± 2.50^a	83.13 ± 4.07^b	76.23 ± 3.83^c
HbA1c (%)¹	5.71 ± 0.02^a	6.14 ± 0.09^b	5.93 ± 0.06^bc
Hs-CRP (mg/L)¹	1.07 ± 0.05^a	1.79 ± 0.19^b	1.48 ± 0.17^a
Fasting insulin (UIU/mL)¹	7.80 ± 0.16^a	9.84 ± 0.61^b	8.07 ± 0.43^a
BMI (kg/m²)¹	24.08 ± 0.07^a	25.67 ± 0.23^b	24.08 ± 0.16^a
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)¹	101.99 ± 0.67^a	116.33 ± 3.64^b	105.85 ± 1.62^c
Waist circumference (cm)¹	82.97 ± 0.22^a	87.59 ± 0.60^b	86.29 ± 0.45^b
SBP (mmHg)¹	119.46 ± 0.42^a	123.83 ± 1.27^b	124.47 ± 0.85^b
DBP (mmHg)¹	77.22 ± 0.26	76.53 ± 0.86	76.27 ± 0.659
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)¹	197.35 ± 0.89^a	190.21 ± 2.59^b	191.86 ± 2.43^b
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)¹	118.97 ± 0.81^a	114.61 ± 2.21^a	116.41 ± 2.37^b
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)¹	50.73 ± 0.34^a	47.97 ± 0.88^b	46.62 ± 0.68^b
Triglyceride (mg/dL)¹	148.73 ± 3.28^a	155.62 ± 11.25^b	157.15 ± 7.17^c
Smoking status (%) (non-/ex-/current smoker)¹	57.6/24.2/18.3^a	56.7/25.3/18.0^a	30.8/40.3/28.9^b
Drinking alcohol status (%) (non-/current drinking)	25.6/74.4	30.5/69.5	23.3/76.7
FVC (% predicted)¹	3.69 ± 0.02^a	2.88 ± 0.04^b	3.83 ± 0.07^a
FEV1 (L)¹	2.93 ± 0.02^a	2.29 ± 0.04^b	2.48 ± 0.05^c
FEV1/FVC¹	0.80 ± 0.00^a	0.80 ± 0.00^a	0.64 ± 0.00^b
PEF (L/s)¹	7.75 ± 0.06^a	6.55 ± 0.12^b	6.67 ± 0.11^b

¹P < 0.05 by ANOVA or chi-square test. ^a,b,cThe same letters indicate non-significant difference between groups based on Bonferroni multiple comparison test. Data were presented as means ± SD or n (%). T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Hs-CRP: Hs-C-reactive protein; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; LDL-cholesterol: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-cholesterol: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol. FVC: Forced vital capacity; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume 1.

Table 2 Characteristics of individuals with pulmonary function in normal, impaired fasting glucose, and type 2 diabetic subjects

	Normal, n = 1608	IFG, n = 934	T2DM, n = 288
Age (yr)¹	53.63 ± 0.31^a	56.23 ± 0.40^b	58.95 ± 0.71^c
Male (%)¹	42.9 ± 1.3^a	58.2 ± 1.7^b	62.0 ± 3.5^b
RPD/OPD (%)¹	6.2/11.5^a	8.4/13.3^b	18.1/15.9^c
HOMA-IR¹	1.45 ± 0.03^a	2.49 ± 0.06^b	5.52 ± 0.58^c
HOMA-beta¹	84.75 ± 1.58^a	76.38 ± 1.93^b	48.56 ± 3.96^c
HbA1c (%)¹	5.47 ± 0.01^a	5.79 ± 0.02^b	7.61 ± 0.12^c
Hs-CRP (mg/L)¹	0.94 ± 0.04^a	1.34 ± 0.09^b	2.04 ± 0.30^c
Fasting insulin (UIU/mL)¹	6.42 ± 0.12^a	9.35 ± 0.24^b	13.02 ± 1.05^c
BMI (kg/m²)¹	23.63 ± 0.08^a	24.97 ± 0.11^b	25.19 ± 0.22^b
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)¹	90.84 ± 0.16^a	107.44 ± 0.26^b	168.79 ± 3.34^c
Waist circumference (cm)¹	81.52 ± 0.24^a	86.44 ± 0.31^b	88.32 ± 0.57^c
SBP (mmHg)¹	117.92 ± 0.46^a	123.00 ± 0.58^b	126.55 ± 1.14^c
DBP (mmHg)¹	76.39 ± 0.32^a	78.18 ± 0.39^b	77.10 ± 0.75^a
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)¹	196.00 ± 0.96^a	198.67 ± 1.46^a	186.82 ± 2.73^b
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)¹	118.77 ± 0.91^a	120.50 ± 1.30^a	107.90 ± 2.26^b
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)¹	51.71 ± 0.39^a	48.25 ± 0.46^b	45.30 ± 0.72^c
Triglyceride (mg/dL)¹	130.65 ± 3.08^a	166.09 ± 5.44^b	216.02 ± 15.20^c
Smoking status (%) (non-/ex-/current smoker)¹	59.9/22.1/18.0^a	46.6/32.0/21.4^b	45.6/31.7/22.8^b
Drinking alcohol status (%) (non-/current drinking)	26.4/73.6	23.6/76.4	28.9/71.1
FVC (% predicted)¹	3.61 ± 0.26^a	3.72 ± 0.04^b	3.56 ± 0.07^a
FEV1 (L)¹	2.81 ± 0.02^a	2.86 ± 0.03^ab	2.72 ± 0.05^ac
FEV1/FVC¹	0.78 ± 0.00^a	0.77 ± 0.00^b	0.77 ± 0.01^b
PEF (L/sec)¹	7.42 ± 0.06^a	7.73 ± 0.09^b	7.48 ± 0.15^ab

¹P < 0.05 by ANOVA or chi-square test. ^a,b,cThe same letters indicate non-significant difference between groups based on Bonferroni multiple comparison test. Data were presented as means ± SD or n (%). IFG: Impaired fasting glucose; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Hs-CRP: Hs-C-reactive protein; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; LDL-cholesterol: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-cholesterol: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol; FVC: Forced vital capacity; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume 1.

Table 3 Odds ratios for pulmonary function according to the fasting glucose level by multivariate logistic regression analysis

	Pulmonary disease	Fasting glucose odds ratio (95%CI)
	Pulmonary disease	IFG (100-125)	T2DM ( ≥ 126)
Model 1	RPD	1.453 (1.059-1.995)^a	3.621 (2.316-5.663)^b
	OPD	1.199 (0.888-1.619)	1.744 (1.164-2.614)^a
Model 2	RPD	1.282 (0.939-1.749)	2.890 (1.810-4.616)^b
	OPD	0.725 (0.518-1.014)	0.821 (0.525-1.284)
Model 3	RPD	1.074 (0.781-1.476)	2.316 (1.438-3.729)^b
	OPD	0.699 (0.498-0.982)	0.796 (0.501-1.267)
Model 4	RPD	0.934 (0.638-1.369)	1.907 (1.110-3.277)^a
	OPD	0.722 (0.512-1.019)	0.782 (0.484-1.263)

^aP < 0.01.

^bP < 0.001. Model 1: Crude; Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex; Model 3: Adjusted for variables in Model 2 + body mass index, waist circumference, smoking status; Model 4: Adjusted for variables in Model 3 + C-reactive protein, homeostasis model assessment-IR. Reference category: Individuals with normal. RPD: Restrictive pulmonary disease; OPD: Obstructive pulmonary disease; IFG: Impaired fasting glucose; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 4 Odds ratios for type 2 diabetes mellitus according to the pulmonary function by multivariate logistic regression analysis

	Pulmonary disease	Odds ratio	95%CI
Model 1	RPD	3.127^b	2.056-4.756
	OPD	1.631^a	1.103-2.412
Model 2	RPD	2.580^b	1.670-3.988
	OPD	1.033	0.673-1.584
Model 3	RPD	2.257^b	1.465-3.475
	OPD	0.984	0.633-1.531
Model 4	RPD	2.025^a	1.264-3.244
	OPD	0.982	0.634-1.519

^aP < 0.01.

^bP < 0.001. Model 1: Crude; Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex; Model 3: Adjusted for variables in model 2 + body mass index, waist circumference, smoking status; Model 4: Adjusted for variables in model 3 + C-reactive protein, homeostasis model assessment -IR. Reference category: Individuals with normal. RPD: Restrictive pulmonary disease; OPD: Obstructive pulmonary disease.

Citation: Lee DY, Nam SM. Association between restrictive pulmonary disease and type 2 diabetes in Koreans: A cross-sectional study. World J Diabetes 2020; 11(10): 425-434
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v11/i10/425.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v11.i10.425