Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Bakhshi B, Betru E, Mirmiran P, Darand M, Azizi F. Prospective study of total and various types of vegetables and the risk of metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents. World J Diabetes 2019; 10(6): 362-375 [PMID: 31231459 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i6.362]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Parvin Mirmiran, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, A’rabi St, Yeman Av, Velenjak, Tehran 19395-4763, Iran. mirmiran@endocrine.ac.ir
Research Domain of This Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Article-Type of This Article
Prospective Study
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Table 2 Baseline dietary intakes of participants by quartiles of total vegetable consumption: Tehran lipid and glucose study
Quartiles of total vegetable consumption
P value
1
2
3
4
Fruity vegetables, g/d
57.5 ± 9.2
99.2 ± 9.2
156 ± 9.2
293 ± 9.2
< 0.001
Root vegetables, g/d
7.9 ± 1.9
14.8 ± 1.9
18.7 ± 1.9
27.3 ± 1.9
< 0.001
Stalk vegetables, g/d
0.7 ± 0.2
1.2 ± 0.2
1.1 ± 0.2
1.7 ± 0.2
0.002
Leafy vegetables, g/d
19.1 ± 2.3
24.2 ± 2.3
30.8 ± 2.2
44.3 ± 2.4
< 0.001
Potatoes, g/d
9.7 ± 2.8
13.6 ± 2.7
17.7 ± 2.7
28.8 ± 2.9
< 0.001
Starchy vegetables, g/d
7.6 ± 1.3
8.2 ± 1.2
13.4 ± 1.2
11.3 ± 1.3
0.003
Cabbage, g/d
2.4 ± 1.5
5.1 ± 1.4
8.6 ± 1.4
12.8 ± 1.5
< 0.001
Allium vegetables, g/d
13.7 ± 2.4
18.0 ± 2.3
25.3 ± 2.3
41.4 ± 2.4
< 0.001
Total energy, Kcal/d
1981 ± 113
2171 ± 113
2703 ± 113
3383 ± 113
< 0.001
Carbohydrate, % of total energy
56.5 ± 0.7
56.7 ± 0.7
57.2 ± 0.7
57.3 ± 0.7
0.82
Protein, % of total energy
13.2 ± 0.2
12.8 ± 0.2
13.1 ± 0.2
13.4 ± 0.2
0.33
Fat, % of total energy
32.4 ± 0.7
32.5 ± 0.7
32.3 ± 0.7
32.1 ± 0.7
0.98
SFA, % of total energy
11.4 ± 0.3
11.1 ± 0.3
10.9 ± 0.3
11.1 ± 0.3
0.64
MUFA, % of total energy
11.2 ± 0.3
11.0 ± 0.3
11.2 ± 0.3
11.1 ± 0.3
0.92
PUFA, % of total energy
6.5 ± 0.2
6.6 ± 0.2
6.7 ± 0.2
6.5 ± 0.2
0.90
Total fiber, g/d
27.4 ± 2.4
30.5 ± 2.4
42.0 ± 2.4
49.6 ± 2.4
< 0.001
Cholesterol, g/d
190 ± 14
205 ± 14
267 ± 14
316 ± 14
< 0.001
Magnesium, mg/d
301 ± 20
324 ± 20
433 ± 20
547 ± 20
< 0.001
Potassium, mg/d
2835 ± 171
3127 ± 171
4228 ± 171
5588 ± 171
< 0.001
Whole grain, g/d
90 ± 16
92 ± 16
94 ± 16
92 ± 16
0.251
Refined grain, g/d
356 ± 26
354 ± 26
359 ± 26
351 ± 26
0.632
Fruit, g/d
272 ± 31.6
308 ± 31.6
453 ± 31.6
609 ± 31.6
< 0.001
Nuts
6.9 ± 1.4
7.9 ± 1.3
9.8 ± 1.3
14.5 ± 1.3
0.001
Legumes
11.9 ± 2.2
12.0 ± 2.2
13.9 ± 2.2
14.5 ± 2.2
0.879
Dairy products
146 ± 39.7
517 ± 39.7
609 ± 39.7
704 ± 39.7
0.005
Meat, poultry, fish, g/d
53.8 ± 10.1
56.1 ± 10.1
59.1 ± 10.1
52.7 ± 10.1
0.548
Table 3 Multivariate adjusted odds ratio (95%CI) for metabolic syndrome across quartiles of total and various types of vegetable consumption: Tehran lipid and glucose study
Quartiles of total- and various types of vegetable consumption
Table 4 Multivariable odds ratio (95%CI) for metabolic syndrome based intake of total and various types of vegetable consumption (above/below the medians) among participants with 0, 1, or 2 components of metabolic syndrome at baseline: Tehran lipid and glucose study
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
< median
≥ median
< median
≥ median
< median
≥ median
Total vegetables, g/d
0 component
1
0.48 (0.12-1.94)
1
0.77 (0.14-4.05)
1
0.82 (0.15-4.29)
1 component
1
0.68 (0.27-1.71)
1
0.62 (0.21-1.83)
1
0.67 (0.23-1.99)
2 component
1
1.98 (0.61-6.42)
1
2.00 (0.49-8.18)
1
2.24 (0.53-9.39)
Allium vegetables
0 component
1
0.77 (0.21-2.85)
1
0.69 (0.17-2.76)
1
0.54 (0.12-2.42)
1 component
1
0.25 (0.08-0.73)
1
0.25 (0.08-0.76)
1
0.23 (0.07-0.71)
2 component
1
0.49 (0.16-1.52)
1
0.51 (0.15-1.78)
1
0.48 (0.13-1.69)
Green leafy vegetables
0 component
1
0.81 (0.22-2.98)
1
1.04 (0.25-4.26)
1
1.10 (0.25-4.72)
1 component
1
0.31 (0.11-0.84)
1
0.31 (0.09-0.97)
1
0.29 (0.09-0.95)
2 component
1
1.01 (0.33-3.08)
1
1.43 (0.39-5.18)
1
1.39 (0.38-5.06)
Fruity vegetables
0 component
1
1.13 (0.31-4.07)
1
1.15 (0.28-4.71)
1
0.88 (0.20-3.84)
1 component
0.66 (0.26-1.67)
1
0.60 (0.21-1.69)
1
0.64 (0.22-1.82)
2 component
1.51 (0.48-4.67)
1
2.02 (0.52-7.87)
1
2.11 (0.53-8.32)
Root vegetables
0 component
1
2.36 (0.59-9.43)
1
2.57 (0.58-11.3)
1
2.31 (0.49-10.7)
1 component
1
2.20 (0.84-5.76)
1
1.68 (0.61-4.75)
1
1.67 (0.58-4.73)
2 component
1
1.97 (0.63-6.14)
1
1.48 (0.43-5.08)
1
1.31 (0.36-4.69)
Stalk vegetables
0 component
1
1.28 (0.35-4.72)
1
1.33 (0.33-5.30)
1
1.08 (0.26-4.52)
1 component
1
0.72 (0.28-1.81)
1
0.73 (0.27-2.00)
1
0.74 (0.27-2.02)
2 component
1
1.18 (039-3.58)
1
1.09 (0.32-3.76)
1
1.13 (0.32-3.97)
Potatoes
0 component
1
1.36 (0.34-5.45)
1
1.97 (0.39-9.90)
1
2.12 (0.39-11.4)
1 component
1
0.56 (0.22-1.42)
1
0.45 (0.17-1.22)
1
0.45 (0.16-1.24)
2 component
1
1.91 (0.55-6.66)
1
1.35 (0.34-5.39)
1
1.55 (0.36-6.65)
Starchy vegetables
0 component
1
0.64 (0.17-2.36)
1
0.92 (0.21-3.90)
1
1.06 (0.24-4.60)
1 component
1
0.78 (0.31-1.96)
1
0.80 (0.29-2.18)
1
0.84 (0.30-2.32)
2 component
1
1.08 (0.35-3.30)
1
0.57 (0.15-2.11)
1
0.56 (0.15-2.14)
Cabbage
0 component
1
0.64 (0.13-3.12)
1
0.88 (0.16-4.92)
1
0.89 (0.15-5.08)
1 component
1
1.19 (0.46-3.07)
1
1.64 (0.59-4.59)
1
1.54 (0.55-4.32)
2 component
1
0.48 (0.12-1.91)
1
0.53 (0.18-2.43)
1
0.45 (0.09-2.22)
Citation: Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Bakhshi B, Betru E, Mirmiran P, Darand M, Azizi F. Prospective study of total and various types of vegetables and the risk of metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents. World J Diabetes 2019; 10(6): 362-375