Prospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Diabetes. Mar 15, 2019; 10(3): 224-233
Published online Mar 15, 2019. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i3.224
Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristic of study subjects
Variables0-5 yr6-12 yr13-18 yr19 and above
n (%)103 (7.21)323 (22.62)428 (29.97)574 (40.2)
Male50 (48.5)155 (48)251 (58.6)334 (58.2)
Female53 (51.5)168 (52)177 (41.4)240 (41.8)
Age at diagnosis (yr)3.2 ± 1.58.3 ± 2.513.7 ± 3.622 ± 6.3
Age at recruitment (yr)3.5 ± 1.59.5 ± 1.915.6 ± 1.725.7 ± 5.5
Duration of diabetes (yr)0.3 ± 0.71.1 ± 21.9 ± 3.33.7 ± 5.4
Family history of diabetes37 (35.9)131 (40.6)199 (46.5)276 (48.1)
Weight (kg)13.90 ± 2.6128.31 ± 13.0142.86 ± 10.6453.11 ± 10.34
Serum Creatinine (mg/dL)0.64 ± 0.180.80 ± 0.190.94 ± 0.430.92 ± 0.31
Cholesterol (mg/dL)---153.67 ± 33.06155.63 ± 40.01163.18 ± 28.58
Triglyceride (mg/dL)---83.25 ± 42.96103.47 ± 73.6694.46 ± 60.24
High density lipoproteins (mg/dL)---39.48 ± 12.2142.46 ± 11.7341.52 ± 10.45
Low density lipoproteins (mg/dL)---79.70 ± 26.0786.34 ± 30.6798.94 ± 30.44
Table 2 Comparison of clinical measures from baseline to last follow up
VariablesAge (yr)
0-5 yr6-12 yr13-18 yr19 and above
HbA1c (%)Baseline (n = 1428)11.5 ± 2.0410.7 ± 2.2810.5 ± 2.769.6 ± 2.52
End line (n = 516)10.2 ± 2.128.9 ± 2.248.7 ± 2.498.5 ± 2.17
P-value0.026< 0.0001< 0.0001< 0.0001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)Baseline (n = 1428)108.3 ± 20.8105.4 ± 14.7106.3 ± 14.7108.2 ± 14.9
End line (n = 1428)92.4 ± 10.399.1 ± 13.3105.3 ± 13.3112.7 ± 14.2
P-value0.0010.00020.5000.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)Baseline (n = 1428)74.6 ± 11.272.9 ± 10.673.7 ± 10.574.3 ± 10
End line (n = 1428)65 ± 6.666.2 ± 7.771.3 ± 8.374.6 ± 8.5
P-value0.0010.00040.0020.747
Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL)Baseline (n = 1428)199.2 ± 109.4266.4 ± 118.9282.4 ± 107266.20 ± 112.6
End line (n = 1428)77.0 ± 2.64293.86 ± 105.57270.96 ± 104.83252.43 ± 117.13
P-value0.0590.2920.5500.415
Random Blood Sugar (mg/dl)Baseline (n = 1428)326.2 ± 161.1342.4 ± 149.7360.3 ± 135.4338.9 ± 131
End line (n = 1428)522.33 ± 267.54479.24 ± 189.99394.63 ± 171.36354.86 ± 157.43
P-value0.002<0.00010.1380.476
Table 3 Age distributed glycemic status on first and last visit of the study period
Age (yr)
Glycemic category0-5 yr
6-12 yr
13-18 yr
19 and above
BaselinevisitLastvisitBaselinevisitLast visitBaselinevisitLast visitBaselinevisitLast visit
Good glycemic control (HbA1c < 6.5%-8%)3.625.913.536.314.737.726.862.1
Fair glycemic control (HbA1c 9%-10%)14.340.716.219.114.71426.812.4
Poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 10%)82.133.370.344.570.74846.525.5
Table 4 Trends of mean self-monitoring blood glucose readings during the study period
TimingMonth 1Year 1 (month 2-12)Year 2(month 13-24)Year 3(month 25-36)
Before breakfast
0-5 yr213.5202.6184.1150.9
6-12 yr197.3173.6193.1146.2
13-18 yr180.3169.9168.3137.8
19 and above163.2151.5139.6138
After 2 h of breakfast
0-5 yr328.5246.9167.7194
6-12 yr215.5209.5203.5190.3
13-18 yr232.5203.5215.5173.8
19 and above200.3178.6166.2184.6
Before lunch
0-5 yr248.2265.8132.3140.2
6-12 yr180.1191.2194.3184
13-18 yr200.3189.7192.8148.9
19 and above164160.2147.4151.7
After 2 h of lunch
0-5 yr281.6252.2204.7257.5
6-12 yr269.8226.8237.3207.6
13-18 yr246.6230.6237.4194.8
19 and above223.1211.8202.8203.8
Before dinner
0-5 yr299.2276216.2239.9
6-12 yr262261.1242.6218.1
13-18 yr255228.4234205.5
19 and above223.6191.8211.4182.1
After 2 h of dinner
0-5 yr297.3254.3196.8239.8
6-12 yr239.3247.8244.7192.5
13-18 yr240.1219.2213.7179.8
19 and above217.4195.9212.1180.7
Before sleeping
0-5 yr273.3254.9212.5214.7
6-12 yr230.7230.6181.1211.3
13-18 yr195223.3218.8165.7
19 and above167.3167.9196.4195