Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents

Table 1 Study characteristic of 169 obese children and adolescents with normal glucose tolerance at baseline (data as mean ± SD or percentage)

Age (years)	13.6 ± 2.1
Gender	66% female
Pubertal stage	84% pubertal
Weight (kg)	83.5 ± 17.4
Height (cm)	163.7 ± 10.1
BMI (kg/m²)	31.0 ± 5.2
SDS-BMI	2.45 ± 0.60
Waist circumference (cm)	97 ±14
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	119 ± 12
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	70 ± 12
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	115 ± 65
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	53 ± 18
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	96 ± 31
Glucose (mg/dL)	85 ± 8
2 h glucose in oGTT (mg/dL)	114 ± 16
Insulin (mU/L)	22 ± 15
HOMA	4.6 ± 3.2
HbA1c (%)	5.5 ± 0.8

All parameters measured in fasting status except 2 h glucose in oral glucose tolerance test. oGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; BMI: body mass index; HOMA: homeostasis model assessment.

Table 2 Anthropometrics, lipids, and glucose parameters of 165 overweight children with normal glucose tolerance at baseline separated to glucose metabolism 1 year later (data as mean ± SD or percentage)

	Remaining in normal glucose	Status of metabolism	P value comparison baseline and 1 year later	Converting to glucose	Impaired tolerance
n	146		-	19
Gender	64% female		-	79% female
	baseline	1 year later		baseline	1 year later
Age (years)	13.6 ± 2.0	14.6 ± 2.0	< 0.001	13.7 ± 2.6	14.7 ± 2.6
Pubertal stage	86% pubertal	90% pubertal	0.368	53% pubertal	89% pubertal
Weight (kg)	83.4 ± 16.7	88.6 ± 17.8	< 0.001	84.3 ± 22.3	90.1 ± 20.5
Height (cm)	164.0 ± 9.9	166.6 ± 12.1	< 0.001	161.6 ± 11.8	165.9 ± 9.5
BMI (kg/m²)	30.9 ± 5.0	31.5 ± 5.0	0.201	32.0 ± 6.6	32.6 ± 6.5
SDS-BMI	2.43 ± 0.59	2.42 ± 0.67	0.559	2.57 ± 0.72	2.61 ± 0.65
Waist circumference (cm)	97 ± 13	97 ± 12	0.18	100 ± 20	104 ± 14
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	119 ± 12	117 ± 11	0.219	117 ± 11	128 ± 17
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	70 ± 11	71 ± 10	0.887	68 ± 10	74 ± 10
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	115 ± 65	124 ± 69	0.069	117 ± 65	154 ± 82
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	52 ± 14	51 ± 13	0.485	53 ± 13	57 ± 17
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	96 ± 31	95 ± 28	0.983	104 ± 32	103 ± 29
Glucose (mg/dL)	86 ± 8	87 ± 10	0.586	83 ± 7	87 ± 9
2 h glucose in oGTT (mg/dL)	113 ± 16	110 ± 15	0.116	116 ± 16	146 ± 7
Insulin (mU/L)	23 ± 15	22 ± 14	0.835	20 ± 10	25 ± 12
HOMA	4.6 ± 3.3	4.7 ± 3.2	0.982	4.1 ± 2.0	5.4 ± 2.5
HbA1c (%)	5.5 ± 0.7	5.4 ± 0.5	0.414	5.6 ± 0.9	5.5 ± 0.3

All parameters measured in fasting status except 2 h glucose in oral glucose tolerance test. oGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; BMI: body mass index; HOMA: homeostasis model assessment.

Table 3 Anthropometrics, lipids, and glucose parameters of 4 obese children with normal glucose tolerance at baseline and impaired fasting glucose one year later (mean ± SD)

	Baseline	One year later
Weight (kg)	96.1 ± 6.4	102.9 ± 5.4
Height (cm)	166.4 ± 4.7	170.0 ± 8.1
BMI (kg/m²)	34.8 ± 11.9	35.9 ± 2.6
SDS-BMI	2.73 ± 0.272	2.90 ± 0.19
Waist circumference (cm)	112 ± 4	113 ± 8
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	131 ± 16	138 ± 18
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	71 ± 11	73 ± 9
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	155 ± 67	164 ± 86
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	46 ± 6.2	43 ± 1
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	117 ± 16	113 ± 26
Glucose (mg/dL)	84 ± 7	107 ± 5
2 h glucose in oGTT (mg/dL)	108 ± 8	116 ± 17
Insulin (mU/L)	31 ± 26	47 ± 17
HOMA	3.8 ± 1.2	12.1 ± 7
HbA1c (%)	5.6 ± 0.2	6.0 ± 0.1

All parameters measured in fasting status. oGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; BMI: body mass index; HOMA: homeostasis model assessment.