Pathophysiological role and therapeutic implications of inflammation in diabetic nephropathy

Figure 1 Schematic overview of the participation of inflammatory mechanisms in the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy. MCP: Monocyte chemoattractant protein; CSF: Colony-stimulating factor; ICAM: Intercelular adhesion molecule; VCAM: Vascular cell adhesion molecule. TGF: Transforming growth factor; CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha.

Figure 2 Sorbitol-aldose reductase pathway activation in diabetes mellitus. NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.