Blood glucose response after oral lactulose intake in type 2 diabetic individuals

Figure 1 Flow chart of trial subjects. The main reasons for pre-screening failure included: Not interested (n = 85), missing signs of functional constipation (n = 220), insufficient blood glucose control (n = 24), not allowed concomitant medication, e.g., insulin (n = 58), body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m² (n = 31) gastrointestinal or other relevant comorbidity (cancer, lactose intolerance etc.) (n = 39), smoking habit (n = 7). HbA_1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin.

Figure 2 Blood glucose concentration-time curves. Each line represents mean ± SD. n = 16 each for water, 20 g crystal lactulose, 30 g crystal lactulose, and 30 g glucose, n = 17 for 20 g liquid lactulose, n = 15 for 30 g liquid lactulose.

Figure 3  Cumulative numbers of bowel movements per treatment and time after oral intake of water, glucose, or lactulose for all subjects.