• infection
• orthopaedic surgery
• orthopaedics
• risk factors
• surgical site infection

• Humans
• Risk Factors
• Surgical Wound Infection/etiology
• Surgical Wound Infection/epidemiology
• Orthopedic Procedures/adverse effects
• Male
• Female
• Middle Aged
• Aged
• Adult

• Wound Healing/drug effects
• Animals
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
• Microgels/chemistry
• Drug Delivery Systems
• Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental
• Mice
• Deferoxamine/chemistry
• Deferoxamine/pharmacology
• Humans
• Metal-Organic Frameworks/chemistry
• Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
• Microbial Sensitivity Tests
• Particle Size
• Wound Infection/drug therapy
• Zinc/chemistry
• Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
• Polyphenols/chemistry
• Boronic Acids

• diabetes mellitus
• skin diseases
• diabetes mellitus, type 1
• diabetes mellitus, type 2
• diagnosis, differential

• Humans
• Skin Diseases/etiology
• Skin Diseases/diagnosis
• Skin Diseases/physiopathology
• Skin Diseases/pathology
• Diabetes Complications/diagnosis
• Necrobiosis Lipoidica/etiology
• Acanthosis Nigricans/etiology
• Diagnosis, Differential

• Staphylococcus aureus
• Exoenzymes
• infection
• pathogenicity
• tissue

• Animals
• Humans
• Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
• Bacterial Proteins/genetics
• Host Adaptation
• Host-Pathogen Interactions
• Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology
• Staphylococcal Infections/pathology
• Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity
• Staphylococcus aureus/enzymology
• Virulence
• Virulence Factors/genetics
• Virulence Factors/metabolism

• CORE-fund BRIC-NIAB
• CRG/2021/003634 Science and Engineering Research Board

• SGLT2 inhibitors
• antidiabetics
• cutaneous adverse drug reactions
• diabetes mellitus
• oral hypoglycemic agents

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• T2DM–TB binomial
• drug resistance
• efflux pumps
• innate immune response
• metformin
• tuberculosis
• type 2 diabetes mellitus

• Humans
• Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/therapeutic use
• Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/adverse effects
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
• Adolescent
• Child
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
• Young Adult
• Treatment Outcome

• diabetes
• metabolic adaptations
• soft tissue infection
• virulence factors

• Humans
• Adaptation, Physiological
• Hyperglycemia/complications
• Hyperglycemia/metabolism
• Hyperglycemia/microbiology
• Soft Tissue Infections/microbiology
• Soft Tissue Infections/metabolism
• Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology
• Staphylococcal Infections/metabolism
• Staphylococcal Skin Infections/microbiology
• Staphylococcal Skin Infections/metabolism
• Staphylococcus aureus/metabolism
• Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity
• Virulence Factors/metabolism

• Trimalleolar ankle fracture
• medical comorbidities
• open reduction internal fixation
• outcomes
• patient optimization
• risk factors
• surgical site infection

• Humans
• Surgical Wound Infection/epidemiology
• Male
• Female
• Ankle Fractures/surgery
• Fracture Fixation, Internal/adverse effects
• Middle Aged
• Retrospective Studies
• Open Fracture Reduction
• Risk Factors
• Adult
• Aged
• Comorbidity

• Diabetes mellitus
• Healthcare-associated infections
• Nosocomial bloodstream infections
• Nosocomial urinary tract infections
• Surgical site infections

• acquired immunity
• chronic hemodialysis
• chronic inflammation
• diabetes mellitus
• innate immunity

• Quantum Dots/chemistry
• Quantum Dots/radiation effects
• Glucose Oxidase/chemistry
• Photochemotherapy/methods
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
• Escherichia coli/drug effects
• Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology
• Photosensitizing Agents/chemistry
• Cobalt/chemistry
• Cobalt/pharmacology
• Light
• Carbon/chemistry
• Carbon/pharmacology
• Humans
• Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
• Bioreactors
• Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism

• Antimicrobial drug resistance
• Intensive care units
• Multidrug-resistant organism
• Screening

• Humans
• Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
• Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
• United Arab Emirates/epidemiology
• Enterococcus
• Carbapenems
• Intensive Care Units

• COVID-19
• SARS-CoV-2
• diabetes
• immunity
• physical activity

• Humans
• Aged
• COVID-19
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
• SARS-CoV-2
• Mental Disorders/epidemiology
• Exercise

• diabetes
• diabetic foot ulcer
• glycation
• hyperglycaemia
• inflammation
• neuropathy
• skin
• wound healing

• Animals
• Humans
• Wound Healing
• Quality of Life
• Diabetic Foot
• Skin
• Diabetes Mellitus

• 1R01DK136241 NIDDK NIH HHS
• U01 DK119085 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R01 DK136241 NIDDK NIH HHS
• 1R61DK131897 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R61 DK131897 NIDDK NIH HHS

• antibiotic resistance
• antibiotic stewardship
• antibiotics
• bacterial infections
• intravenous drug user

• Amputation
• Decision-making
• Diabetic foot
• Perspective
• Ulcer

• Humans
• Male
• Aged
• Female
• Defibrillators, Implantable/adverse effects
• Prospective Studies
• Heart Diseases/etiology
• Canada
• Netherlands

• 88370 CIHR
• 119442 CIHR

• Staphylococcus aureus
• biomarkers
• diabetes
• early diagnosis
• immunoproteomics
• infections

• Humans
• Aged
• Peripheral Arterial Disease/epidemiology
• Peripheral Arterial Disease/complications
• Ankle Brachial Index/adverse effects
• Risk Factors
• Atherosclerosis/epidemiology
• Atherosclerosis/complications
• Coronary Disease/etiology
• Stroke/etiology
• Stroke/complications
• Sepsis/complications

• 75N92022D00001 NHLBI NIH HHS
• 75N92022D00002 NHLBI NIH HHS
• 75N92022D00003 NHLBI NIH HHS
• 75N92022D00004 NHLBI NIH HHS
• 75N92022D00005 NHLBI NIH HHS

• Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
• Quinolones/pharmacology
• Gram-Positive Bacteria
• Microbial Sensitivity Tests
• Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
• Gram-Negative Bacteria

• R01 AI146116 NIAID NIH HHS
• R21 AI130540 NIAID NIH HHS

• Staphylococcus aureus
• antibiotic resistance
• oxazolidinones

• Animals
• Mice
• Acetamides/pharmacology
• Acetamides/therapeutic use
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects
• Bacteremia/drug therapy
• Linezolid/adverse effects
• Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
• Microbial Sensitivity Tests
• Oxazolidinones/adverse effects
• Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy
• Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology
• Staphylococcus aureus

• R01 AI111205 NIAID NIH HHS
• R01 AR069502 NIAMS NIH HHS
• R01 AR073665 NIAMS NIH HHS
• R01AR069502 HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH)
• TB alliance

• Antibiotic prophylaxis
• Diabetes mellitus
• Extraction
• Infection
• Oral surgery

• Humans
• Antibiotic Prophylaxis
• Blood Glucose
• Dental Implants
• Glycated Hemoglobin
• Oral Surgical Procedures
• Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use

Background: The rise of multi-drug-resistant pathogens and nosocomial infections among hospitalized patients is partially attributed to the increased use of antibiotic therapy. A prediction model for in-hospital antibiotic treatment could be valuable to target preventive strategies. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study, including patients admitted in 2018 to medical departments and not treated with antibiotics during the first 48 h. Data available at hospital admission were used to develop a logistic model to predict the probability of antibiotic treatment during hospitalization. The performance of the model was evaluated in two independent validation cohorts. Results: In the derivation cohort, antibiotic treatment was initiated in 454 (8.1%) out of 5592 included patients. Male gender, lower functional capacity, prophylactic antibiotic treatment, medical history of atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, solid organ transplantation, chronic use of a central venous catheter, urinary catheter and nasogastric tube, albumin level, mental status and vital signs at presentation were identified as predictors for antibiotic use during hospitalization and were included in the prediction model. The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) was 0.72 (95% CI 0.70–0.75). In the highest probability group, the percentage of antibiotic treatment was 18.2% (238/1,307). In the validation cohorts, the AUROC was 0.73 (95% CI 0.68–0.77) and 0.75 (95% CI 0.72–0.78). In the highest probability group, the percentage of antibiotic treatment was 12.5% (66/526) and 20.7% (244/1179) of patients. Conclusions: Our prediction model performed well in the validation cohorts and was able to identify a subgroup of patients at high risk for antibiotic treatment.

• antibiotic prescription
• antibiotic stewardship
• epidemiology
• prediction model

• Anosmia
• C-Reactive Protein
• COVID-19
• Cough
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Humans
• Indonesia/epidemiology
• Interleukin-6
• Retrospective Studies
• SARS-CoV-2

• faculty of medicine and health sciences, universitas warmadewa

• Cardiovascular outcomes
• Diabetes mellitus
• Hospital readmissions
• Lower extremity revascularization
• Peripheral artery disease

• Brain Ischemia/etiology
• Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis
• Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology
• Endovascular Procedures/adverse effects
• Humans
• Lower Extremity/blood supply
• Peripheral Arterial Disease/complications
• Peripheral Arterial Disease/epidemiology
• Peripheral Arterial Disease/surgery
• Stroke/etiology

• K23 HL125991 NHLBI NIH HHS
• K23 HL150315 NHLBI NIH HHS
• Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
• National Institutes of Health

Background and Objectives: Proteus and Providencia are related genera of opportunistic pathogens belonging to the Morganellaceae family, often a cause of infections in the immunocompromised hosts, such as diabetic patients. Their clinical significance has increased due to their intrinsic resistance to polymyxins, which is often associated with acquired resistance mechanisms. In this study we evaluated the infections caused by Proteus mirabilis and Providencia stuartii in two groups of patients, with diabetes (group 1) and without diabetes (group 2) admitted to the intensive care unit and surgical wards. The infections were investigated in terms of infection type, risk factors, clinical course, predictive factors for unfavourable outcomes and antibiotic resistance profile. Materials and Methods: An observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted, comprising all patients infected with these pathogens. Bacterial identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing were performed using the Vitek2C automated system. Results: Comparison of the two groups showed that the statistically significant common infectious risk factors were found less frequently among diabetic patients when compared with non-diabetic patients, and that antimicrobial resistance was significantly lower in the diabetic patient group. However, survival rates did not differ between the two groups, drawing attention to the implications of diabetes as comorbidity. Additionally, with regard to the antibiotic resistance profile, 38.89% of P. stuartii strains isolated from diabetic patients belonged to the difficult-to-treat (DTR) phenotype, contributing to the severity of these infections compared with those caused by P. mirabilis, of which 32% were wild type strains and 0% were DTR phenotype. The DTR/extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing P. stuartii isolates more than doubled the risk of mortality, while the presence of nasogastric nutrition tripled the risk. Conclusions: P. stuartii infections that occurred in diabetic patients proved to be more difficult to treat, the majority of them being healthcare-associated bacteremias.

• acs-nsqip
• anastomotic leak
• complications
• diabetes
• morbidity
• nsqip
• oesophageal cancer
• oesophagectomy
• surgical outcomes
• wound infection

• ESKAPE pathogens
• antimicrobial resistance
• diabetic foot ulcers
• infection
• risk factors

• Sichuan Science and Technology Program
• Luxian Government and Southwest Medical University Cooperation Program

• Diabetes
• Inflammation
• Obesity
• WNT pathway

• council of scientific and industrial research, india

Diabetes is one of the four major non-communicable diseases, and appointed by the world health organization as the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. The scientists have turned over every rock in the corners of medical sciences in order to come up with better understanding and hence more effective treatments of diabetes. The continuous research on the subject has elucidated the role of immune disorders and inflammation as definitive factors in the trajectory of diabetes, assuring that blood glucose adjustments would result in a relief in the systemic stress leading to minimizing inflammation. On a parallel basis, microbial infections usually take advantage of immunity disorders and propagate creating a pro-inflammatory environment, all of which can be reversed by antimicrobial treatment. Standing at the crossroads between diabetes, immunity and infection, we aim in this review at projecting the interplay between immunity and diabetes, shedding the light on the overlapping playgrounds for the activity of some antimicrobial and anti-diabetic agents. Furthermore, we focused on the anti-diabetic drugs that can confer antimicrobial or anti-virulence activities.

• Diabetes
• Immune disorders
• Anti-diabetics
• Antimicrobials
• Anti-virulence

Gycyrrhizic acid (GA), an inhibitor of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), inhibits inflammatory responses and is involved in the occurrence and development of several inflammation-related diseases. However, the role of GA in the atherosclerotic lesions caused by diabetes mellitus (DM) remains unknown. In the present study, Sprague Dawley rats were selected to desi=gn a diabetic atherosclerosis (AS) model. Rats from the DM-AS group were subsequently divided into DM-AS, DM-AS + GA (50 mg/kg) and DM-AS + GA (150 mg/kg) groups. Biochemical analyzers were used to measure levels of blood glucose, fasting insulin, total cholesterol, total triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein. The number of plaques was recorded after collection of thoracic aortas from the rats. The intimal thickness of arterial tissue was detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression levels of CD68 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β in the serum of the rats was detected by ELISA. The expression of fatty acid synthetase, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1C, HMGB1 and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) was detected by western blotting. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of HMGB1 and RAGE. The results demonstrated that GA treatment could decrease the body weight, blood glucose level and biochemical parameters of AS DM rats in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, GA decreased the intimal thickness of carotid artery and the formation of plaque in rats with diabetic AS. Furthermore, GA inhibited macrophage activation and decreased α-SMA expression in vascular smooth muscle cells, and decreased the expression of proteins (FAS and SREBP-1c) and inflammatory factors. Taken together, the findings from the present study demonstrated that GA may have a therapeutic effect on DM-associated AS. This study provides a theoretical basis for the treatment of diabetic AS.

• atherosclerotic lesions
• diabetes mellitus
• gycyrrhizic acid
• inflammation

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, poses a significant threat to public health worldwide, and diabetes is considered a risk factor for the rapid progression and poor prognosis of COVID-19. Limited immune function is a clinical feature of COVID-19 patients, and diabetes patients have defects in innate and adaptive immune functions, which may be an important reason for the rapid progression and poor prognosis of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes. We review the possible multiple effects of immune impairment in diabetic patients on the immune responses to COVID-19 to provide guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic patients with COVID-19.

• COVID-19
• Diabetes
• Immune function
• SARS-CoV-2

Device-aided therapies, including levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel infusion, apomorphine subcutaneous infusion, and deep brain stimulation, are available in many countries for the management of the advanced stage of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Currently, selection of device-aided therapies is mainly focused on patients’ motor profile while non-motor symptoms play a role limited to being regarded as possible exclusion criteria in the decision-making process for the delivery and sustenance of a successful treatment. Differential beneficial effects on specific non-motor symptoms of the currently available device-aided therapies for PD are emerging and these could hold relevant clinical implications. In this viewpoint, we suggest that specific non-motor symptoms could be used as an additional anchor to motor symptoms and not merely as exclusion criteria to deliver bespoke and patient-specific personalised therapy for advanced PD.

• Parkinson’s disease
• apomorphine
• deep brain stimulation
• device-aided therapies
• levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel
• non-motor symptoms
• personalised medicine

• Acanthosis nigricans
• Bullous diabeticorum
• Diabetes mellitus
• Diabetic dermopathy
• Diabetic foot ulcer
• Lipodystrophy
• Necrobiosis lipoidica
• Scleredema diabeticorum

• Acanthosis Nigricans/etiology
• Acanthosis Nigricans/pathology
• Acanthosis Nigricans/therapy
• Dermatologists/statistics & numerical data
• Diabetes Complications/pathology
• Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology
• Diabetic Foot/etiology
• Diabetic Foot/pathology
• Diabetic Foot/therapy
• Global Health/statistics & numerical data
• Humans
• Knowledge
• Lipodystrophy/etiology
• Lipodystrophy/pathology
• Lipodystrophy/therapy
• Middle Aged
• Necrobiosis Lipoidica/etiology
• Necrobiosis Lipoidica/pathology
• Necrobiosis Lipoidica/therapy
• Physicians, Primary Care/statistics & numerical data
• Prevalence
• Scleredema Adultorum/etiology
• Scleredema Adultorum/pathology
• Scleredema Adultorum/therapy
• Skin Diseases/diagnosis
• Skin Diseases/epidemiology
• Skin Diseases/physiopathology
• Skin Diseases/prevention & control

• Injection drug use
• Readmission
• Skin and soft tissue infections

• endocrinology
• endocrine system and metabolic diseases
• diabetes
• type 2 diabetes

• Case-Control Studies
• Cohort Studies
• Diabetes Complications
• Humans
• Risk Factors
• Virus Diseases/complications

IFN-γ is produced upon stimulation with S. aureus and may play a detrimental role during infection. However, whether hemolysins play a role in the mechanism of IFN-γ production has not been fully characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that Hlb, one of the major hemolysins of S. aureus, upregulated IFN-γ production by CD56^bright NK cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Further investigation showed that Hlb increased calcium influx and induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Either blocking calcium or specifically inhibiting phosphorylation of ERK1/2 decreased the production of IFN-γ induced by Hlb. Moreover, we found that this process was dependent on the sphingomyelinase activity of Hlb. Our findings revealed a novel mechanism of IFN-γ production in NK cells induced by Hlb, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of S. aureus.

• CD56bright NK cells
• ERK
• IFN-γ
• S. aureus
• calcium
• β-hemolysin

Shortening the length of stay (LOS) is a potential and sustainable way to relieve the pressure that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients placed on the public health system.

Multi-stage random sampling was used to obtain qualified hospitals and electronic medical records for patients discharged with T2DM in 2018. A box-cox transformation was adopted to normalize LOS. Multilevel model was used to verify hospital cluster effect on LOS variations and screen potential factors for LOS variations from both individual and hospital levels.

50 hospitals and a total of 12,888 T2DM patients were included. Significant differences in LOS variations between hospitals, and a hospital cluster effect on LOS variations (t = 92.188, P<0.001) was detected. The results showed that female patients, patients with new rural cooperative’ medical insurance, hospitals with more beds, and hospitals with faster bed turnovers had shorter LOS. Conversely, elderly patients, patients with urban workers’ medical insurance, patients requiring surgery, patients with the International Classification of Diseases coded complication types E11.1, E11.2, E11.4, E11.5, and other complications cardiovascular diseases, grade III hospitals, hospitals with a lower doctor-to-nurse ratio, and hospitals with more daily visits per doctor had longer LOS.

The evidence proved that hospital cluster effect on LOS variation did exist. Complications and patients features at individual level, as well as organization and resource characteristics at hospital level, had impacted LOS variations to varying degrees. To shorten LOS and better meet the medical demand for T2DM patients, limited health resources must be allocated and utilized rationally at hospital level, and the patients with the characteristics of longer LOS risk must be identified in time. More influencing factors on LOS variations at different levels are still worth of comprehensive exploration in the future.

• Diagnosis
• Differential diagnosis
• Environmental exposures
• Laboratory testing
• Skin and soft tissue infection

Uncontrolled diabetes results in several metabolic alterations including hyperglycemia. Indeed, several preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that this condition may induce susceptibility and the development of more aggressive infectious diseases, especially those caused by some bacteria (including Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, among others) and viruses [such as coronavirus 2 (CoV2), Influenza A virus, Hepatitis B, etc.]. Although the precise mechanisms that link glycemia to the exacerbated infections remain elusive, hyperglycemia is known to induce a wide array of changes in the immune system activity, including alterations in: (i) the microenvironment of immune cells (e.g., pH, blood viscosity and other biochemical parameters); (ii) the supply of energy to infectious bacteria; (iii) the inflammatory response; and (iv) oxidative stress as a result of bacterial proliferative metabolism. Consistent with this evidence, some bacterial infections are typical (and/or have a worse prognosis) in patients with hypercaloric diets and a stressful lifestyle (conditions that promote hyperglycemic episodes). On this basis, the present review is particularly focused on: (i) the role of diabetes in the development of some bacterial and viral infections by analyzing preclinical and clinical findings; (ii) discussing the possible mechanisms by which hyperglycemia may increase the susceptibility for developing infections; and (iii) further understanding the impact of hyperglycemia on the immune system.

• COVID-19
• diabetes
• hyperglycemia
• immune system
• infections