Review
Copyright ©2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Gastrointest Oncol. May 15, 2014; 6(5): 112-120
Published online May 15, 2014. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v6.i5.112
Table 1 TNM system, specifically referring to depth of invasion in T staging
Category Description
TisCarcinoma in situ
T1Tumors invade lamina propria or submucosa
T2Tumors invade muscularis propria
T3Tumors invade adventitia
T4Tumors invade adjacent structures
N0No regional lymph node metastases
N1Regional lymph node metastases
M0No distant metastasis
M1a, M1bDistant metastasis
Table 2 Aspect of staging is essential in determining stage-specific protocols for treatment
StageTumorNodeMetastasisTherapeutic options
0TisN0M0Local ablative therapy
IT1N0M0Surgery
IIAT2N0M0Surgery
T3N0M0
IIBT1N1M0Neoadjuvant therapy with or without surgery
T2N1M0
IIIT3N1M0Neoadjuvant therapy with or without surgery
T4Any NM0
IVAAny TAny NM1aChemotherapy or radiation therapy with or without surgery
IVBAny TAny NM1bPalliative treatment