Liquid biopsy in cholangiocarcinoma: Current status and future perspectives

Table 1 Liquid biopsy biomarkers

	Alteration	Source	Potential application	Ref.
DNA
ARID1A, BAP1, BLC2, BRAF, CDKN2A, FBXW7, FGFR2, IDHA1, IDH2, KRAS, NRAS, PBRM1, PIK3CA, SMAD4, TP53	Mutations	Serum	Diagnostic value	[157-159,163,197]
ERBB2	Amplifications		Diagnostic value	[157]
FGFR2	Fusions		Diagnostic and prognostic value	[157,198]
microRNA
miR-9, miR-21, miR-29b, miR-106, miR-122, miR-150, miR-155, miR-192, miR-200 family	↑ Expression	Serum	Diagnostic and prognostic value	[171-173,177,179-181,183,199-203]
miR-26a, miR-26a-5p, miR-30b, miR-126, miR-141-3p, miR-551B, miR-604, miR-1281, miR-96-5p, miR-151a-5p, miR-191-5p, miR-4732-3p			Diagnostic value	[183,199,204,205]
miR-30d-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-412, miR-640, miR-1537, miR-3189, miR-191, miR-486-3p, miR-1274b, miR-16 and miR-484		Bile	Diagnostic value	[169,176,183]
Proteins and cytokines
Cytokeratin-19, MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-10, Periostin, IL-6, CYFRA 21-1, Osteopontin	↑ Expression	Serum	Diagnostic and prognostic value	[186,187,190-193]
Serum metabolites
Glycine, aspartic acid, SM (42:3), and SM (43:2)	↑ Expression	Serum	Diagnostic and prognostic value	[194]