Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for gastrointestinal cancer

Table 1 Effect of mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes on gastrointestinal cancer

Tumor type	Exosomes source	Cell lines	Function	Mechanism	Ref.
Gastric cancer	hUCMSCs	HGC-27; MGC-803; SGC-7901	Conferring tumor chemoresistance	(1) Upregulating the expression of multi-drug resistance-associated genes and proteins; (2) Activating calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) and Raf/MEK/ERK pathway; and (3) Enhancing the functionality of P-gp/MDR	[13]
	hBMSCs	Animal model	Promoting tumor development	(1) Activating ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways; and (2) Enhancing the expression of VEGF	[55]
	hBMSCs	SGC-7901	No effect	NA	[55]
	hUCMSCs	HGC-27	Promoting tumor development	(1) Activating the Akt signal pathway; (2) Inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); and (3) Enhancing the tumorigenicity and stemness	[61]
	hBMSCs	SGC-7901	Promoting tumor development	Secreting miR-221 to activate Hedgehog signaling pathway	[64]
	GC-MSCs	HGC-27	Promoting tumor development	Increasing the expression of miR-214, miR-221, and miR-222	[66]
	mBMSCs	MFC	Promoting tumor development	Delivering UBR2 to activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway	[69]
Liver cancer	hBMSCs	HepG-2	Inhibiting tumor development	(1) Blocking the cell cycle progression; and (2) Inducing tumor cells apoptosis	[93]
	AMSCs	HepG-2	Inhibiting tumor development and increasing tumor chemosensitivity	Secreting miR-122 to improve chemosensitivity of HepG2 HCC cells and inhibiting tumor development	[83]
	AMSCs	Huh-7; SMMC-7721	Increasing tumor chemosensitivity	Delivering miR-199a-3p to improve liver cancer cell line chemosensitivity	[87]
	mBMSCs	Animal model	Inhibiting tumor development	(1) Promoting tumor cells apoptosis; and (2) Inhibiting angiogenetic activity, metastasis, and invasiveness	[96]
	AMSCs	Animal model	Inhibiting tumor development	Upregulating local and systemic NK cells	[95]
	AMSCs	Huh-7; SMMC-7721	Increasing tumor chemosensitivity	Delivering miR-199a-3p to tumor sites	[87]
Pancreatic cancer	hBMSCs	BxPC-3; PANC-1	Inhibiting tumor development	Secreting miR-1231 to suppress tumor development	[107]
	hBMSCs	PANC-1	Inhibiting tumor development and promoting tumor cells apoptosis	Downregulating the expression of a disintegrin and a metalloproteinase-9 (ADAM9)	[108]
	mBMSCs	AsPC-1; PANC-1	Inhibiting tumor development and promoting tumor cells apoptosis	Delivering miR-124 to regulate the expression of EZH2	[109]
	mBMSCs	CFPAC-1	Inhibiting tumor development	Delivering anticancer agents	[47]
	Normal fibroblast-like MSCs	PANC-1	Inhibiting tumor development	Delivering short interfering RNA or short hairpin RNA to target oncogenic KRAS	[105]
	BMSCs	MiaPaca-2	Inhibiting tumor development	Loading PTX and gemcitabine monophosphate (GEMP) to pancreatic cancer	[100]
	BMSCs	Tumor model	Enhancing tumor immunotherapy	Constructing a dual delivery biosystem to achieve the combined therapy	[106]
Colorectal cancer	hBMSCs	SW-480	Promoting tumor development	Activating ERK1/2, p38, and JNK pathways	[55]
	BMSCs	Caco-2; SW-480; SW-620; LoVo; HT-29	Inhibiting tumor development and promoting tumor cells apoptosis	Upregulating the expression of miR-16-5p to downregulate integrin α2 (ITGA2)	[124]
	BMSCs	DLD-1; HCT-116; SW-480	Inhibiting tumor development	Secreting miR-4461 to downregulate the expression of COPB2	[125]
	BMSCs	SW-1116; Caco-2	Inhibiting tumor development and promoting CSCs phenotype	Secreting miR-142-3p to decrease the expression of Numb. (1) Increasing the expression of Notch target genes; and (2) Secreting miR-142-3p to target CD133 and Lgr5	[126][127]
	hUCMSCs	HT-29; DLD-1	Inhibiting tumor development	(1) Downregulating the expression of Integrin alpha6 (ITGA6); and (2) Inhibiting the activity of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathway	[128]
	mBMSCs	C-26; MCF-7	Inhibiting tumor development	Loading doxorubicin (DOX) to tumor cells	[132]

MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; hBMSCs: Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; AMSC: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; mBMSCs: Murine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; hUCMSCs: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; GC-MSCs: Gastric cancer tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells; MFC: Murine foregastric carcinoma; CSCs: Cancer stem cells; NA: Not available.