Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities

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May 15, 2014 (publication date) through Apr 22, 2024

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

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1948-5204

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastrointest Oncol. May 15, 2014; 6(5): 112-120
Published online May 15, 2014. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v6.i5.112

Table 2 Aspect of staging is essential in determining stage-specific protocols for treatment

Stage	Tumor	Node	Metastasis	Therapeutic options
0	Tis	N0	M0	Local ablative therapy
I	T1	N0	M0	Surgery
IIA	T2	N0	M0	Surgery
	T3	N0	M0
IIB	T1	N1	M0	Neoadjuvant therapy with or without surgery
	T2	N1	M0
III	T3	N1	M0	Neoadjuvant therapy with or without surgery
	T4	Any N	M0
IVA	Any T	Any N	M1a	Chemotherapy or radiation therapy with or without surgery
IVB	Any T	Any N	M1b	Palliative treatment

Citation: Napier KJ, Scheerer M, Misra S. Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2014; 6(5): 112-120
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v6/i5/112.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v6.i5.112