Christou CD, Tsoulfas G. Role of three-dimensional printing and artificial intelligence in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: Challenges and opportunities. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14(4): 765-793 [PMID: 35582107 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i4.765]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Georgios Tsoulfas, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Surgeon, Department of Transplantation Surgery, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 49 Konstantinoupoleos Street, Thessaloniki 54622, Greece. tsoulfasg@gmail.com
Research Domain of This Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Article-Type of This Article
Review
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Gastrointest Oncol. Apr 15, 2022; 14(4): 765-793 Published online Apr 15, 2022. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i4.765
Role of three-dimensional printing and artificial intelligence in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: Challenges and opportunities
Chrysanthos D Christou, Georgios Tsoulfas
Chrysanthos D Christou, Georgios Tsoulfas, Department of Transplantation Surgery, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54622, Greece
Author contributions: Christou CD performed the screening of articles for eligibility and drafted the manuscript; Tsoulfas G performed the screening of articles for eligibility and edited the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest for this article. The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Georgios Tsoulfas, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Surgeon, Department of Transplantation Surgery, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 49 Konstantinoupoleos Street, Thessaloniki 54622, Greece. tsoulfasg@gmail.com
Received: April 15, 2021 Peer-review started: April 15, 2021 First decision: June 4, 2021 Revised: August 24, 2021 Accepted: March 25, 2022 Article in press: March 25, 2022 Published online: April 15, 2022
Core Tip
Core Tip: The opportunities that arise from the application of three-dimensional (3D) printing and 3D bioprinting in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) include resident education, patient education, preoperative planning, fabrication of custom-made medical tools, liver models for antitumor drug development, and patient-derived HCC models for targeted treatment selection. Similarly, the opportunities that arise from the application of artificial intelligence/machine learning in the management of HCC include targeted screening for patients with chronic hepatitis B and C infections, non-invasive early detection of HCC, increased diagnostic accuracy, frameworks for evidence-based, individualized treatment allocation, and prognostic models for the prediction of patient outcomes including overall survival, disease-free survival, and recurrence that could be used for patient and family counseling.
