Endoscopic ultrasound guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections: Assessment of the procedure, technical details and review of the literature

Table 1 Classification of pancreatic fluid collections as per revised Atlanta classification

Acute pancreatitis

Interstitial edematous pancreatitis

Necrotizing pancreatitis (pancreatic necrosis and/or peripancreatic necrosis)

Sterile necrosis

Infected necrosis

Fluid collections during acute pancreatitis

< 4 wk after onset of acute pancreatitis

Acute peripancreatic fluid collection

ANC

≥ 4 wk after onset of acute pancreatitis

Pancreatic pseudocyst

WOPN

ANC: Acute necrotic collection; WOPN: Walled-off pancreatic necrosis.

Table 2 Summary of technical success, clinical success and complications with endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collection

Ref. (number of cases)	Type of study	Technical Success (%)	Clinical Success (%)	Complications (%)	Complications
Grimm et al[31], 1992 (1)	Retrospective	100	100	0	Nil
Binmoeller et al[21], 1995 (27)	Retrospective	93	78	7	Bleeding (n = 2)
Giovannini et al[32], 2001 (35)	Prospective	100	89	3	Pneumoperitoneum (n = 1)
Azar et al[33], 2006 (23)	Retrospective	91	82	4	Pneumoperitoneum (n = 1)
Antillon et al[19], 2006 (33)	Prospective	94	87	15	Bleeding (n = 4),
					pneumoperitoneum (n = 1)
Krüger et al[34], 2006 (35)	Prospective	94	88	0	Nil
Kahaleh et al[35], 2006 (46)	Prospective	100	93.5	20	Superinfection (n = 4), bleeding (n = 2), pneumoperitoneum (n = 2) stent migration (n = 1)
Hookey et al[22], 2006 (32)	Retrospective	96	93	9	Pneumoperitoneum (n = 2), bleeding (n = 1)
Lopes et al[36], 2007 (51)	Retrospective	94	84	4	Pneumoperitoneum (n = 1), migration (n = 1)
Varadarajulu et al[37], 2007(21)	Prospective	100	95	0	None
Barthet et al[38], 2008 (28)	Prospective	100	89	18	Superinfection (n = 5)
Varadarajulu et al[39], 2008 (24)	Randomized controlled trial	100	96	0	Nil
Park et al[40], 2009 (31)	Randomized controlled trial	94	89	7	Minor bleeding (n = 1), stent migration (n = 1)
Zheng et al[41], 2011 (21)	Retrospective	90.5	90.5	19	Stent blockade (n = 2),
					Infection (n = 2)
Varadarajulu et al[42], 2011 (148)	Prospective	100	98	5	Infection (n = 4), perforation (n = 2), bleeding (n = 1), stent migration (n = 1)
Bakker et al[43], 2012 (10)	Randomized controlled trial	90	80	20	Pancreatic fistula (n = 1), death from multiorgan failure (n = 1)
Seewald et al[44], 2012 (80)	Retrospective	97	84	26	Bleeding (n = 12), perforation (n = 7), portal air embolism (n = 1), ogilvie syndrome (n = 1)
Fabbri et al[45], 2012 (22)	Prospective	100	77	14	Superinfection (n = 1), superinfection and stent migration (n = 1), failed stent removal (n = 1)
Itoi et al[46], 2012 (15)	Retrospective	100	100	7	Stent migration (n = 1)
Berzosa et al[47], 2012 (7)	Retrospective	100	100	0	None
Penn et al[48], 2012 (20)	Prospective	100	85	15	Superinfection (n = 2), pancreatitis (n = 1)
Mangiavillano et al[49], 2012 (21)	Prospective	85.7	81	4.8	Bleeding (n = 1)
Weilert et al[27], 2012 (18)	Prospective	100	77.8	5.6	Tract dehiscence (n = 1)
Gornals et al[28], 2012 (9)	Prospective	89	89	11.1	Tension pneumothorax (n = 1)
Puri et al[50], 2012 (40)	Prospective	100	97	5	Pneumoperitoneum n-1, infection (n = 1)
Siddiqui et al[51], 2013 (87)	Retrospective	99	79	18	Stent occlusion (n = 16)
Lin et al[52], 2014 (93)	Retrospective	95	95	12	Secondary infection (n = 11)

Table modified from the tables described by Fabri et al[8] and Singhal et al[25].