Training in endoscopic submucosal dissection

Figure 1 Japanese model for a structured endoscopic submucosal dissection training. The * indicates the 4^th step (practice on ex-vivo and live animal models) which is not employed in all Japanese training algorithm. ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection.

Figure 2 Proposed training algorithm for Western physicians, which integrates hands-on training courses, animal model work and visit to expert centers. ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection.