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©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastrointest Endosc. Jun 16, 2021; 13(6): 170-183
Published online Jun 16, 2021. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v13.i6.170
Published online Jun 16, 2021. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v13.i6.170
Anatomic variations of the intra-hepatic biliary tree in the Caribbean: A systematic review
Shamir O Cawich, Alexander Sinanan, Vijay Naraynsingh, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine 000000, Trinidad and Tobago
Rahul R Deshpande, Department of Surgery, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
Michael T Gardner, Department of Anatomy, University of the West Indies, Kingston KIN7, Jamaica
Neil W Pearce, Department of Surgery, Southampton University NHS Trust, Southampton SO16DP, Southampton, United Kingdom
Author contributions: Cawich SO and Sinanan A designed and coordinated the study; Gardner MT, Pearce NW and Deshpande RR performed experiments, acquired and analyzed data; Cawich SO, Gardner MT, Sinanan A, Pearce NW and Deshpande RR interpreted the data; Cawich SO and Gardner MT wrote the manuscript; all authors approved the final version of the article.
Conflict-of-interest statement: There are no conflicts of interest to disclose.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Shamir O Cawich, FACS, Professor, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St Augustine 000000, Trinidad and Tobago. socawich@hotmail.com
Received: January 25, 2021
Peer-review started: January 25, 2021
First decision: March 1, 2021
Revised: March 15, 2021
Accepted: May 20, 2021
Article in press: May 20, 2021
Published online: June 16, 2021
Peer-review started: January 25, 2021
First decision: March 1, 2021
Revised: March 15, 2021
Accepted: May 20, 2021
Article in press: May 20, 2021
Published online: June 16, 2021
Core Tip
Core Tip: Many authors have documented variations in the intra-hepatic ductal system, but to the best of our knowledge there has been no report on bile duct variations in Caribbean populations. In the unselected Eastern Caribbean population, 71.7% of persons have normal intra-hepatic biliary anatomy. Variant anatomy in this population occurs with the following frequencies: A2 (19.1%), A3 (4.6%) and A4 (3.95%).