Influence of proton pump inhibitors in the development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients classified according to the use or not of proton pump inhibitors

Characteristic	Use of PPI		P
	Yes (n = 151)	No (n = 107)
Age (yr)	54.7 ± 11.2	53.1 ± 11.3	0.261
Male sex (%)	63.30%	62.60%	> 0.992
Etiology of liver disease (%)			0.532
Hepatitis C virus	34.50%	34.00%
Alcohol	27.00%	34.90%
Alcohol + hepatitis C virus	24.30%	19.80%
Other	14.20%	11.30%
Platelet count, × 103/mm3	126 ± 81	112 ± 56	0.131
Creatinine, mg/dL	1.07 ± 0.69	0.97 ± 0.27	0.151
Albumin, g/dL	3.4 ± 0.6	3.3 ± 0.6	0.701
Total bilirubin, mg/dL	1.30 (0.80-2.60)	1.40 (0.90-2.60)	0.593
Prothrombin time, INR	1.34 ± 0.29	1.41 ± 0.26	0.241
Child-Turcotte-Pugh score (%)			0.372
A	42.40%	36.40%
B	42.40%	51.40%
C	15.20%	12.10%
MELD score	12.5 ± 3.9	12.7 ± 3.8	0.711
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (%)	21.90%	18.70%	0.642

Data expressed as mean ± SD, median (25-75 interquartile range) or n (%).

¹Student’s t test;

²Fisher’s exact test;

³Mann-Whitney’s U test. MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease.

Table 2 Relationship between selected variables and presence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Variable	n	Events n (%)	Bivariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
			HR (95%CI)	P	HR (95%CI)	P
PPI use
Yes	151	34 (22.5)	1.44 (0.85-2.47)	0.176	1.50 (0.87-2.58)	0.142
No	107	23 (21.5)	1		1
CTP
A	103	15 (26.3)	1		1
B	119	30 (52.6)	2.10 (1.12-3.92)	0.020	2.16 (1.14-4.09)	0.018
C	36	12 (21.1)	3.62 (1.69-7.78)	0.001	3.77 (1.66-8.59)	0.002
MELD
≥ 15	78	19 (33.3)	1.41 (0.81-2.45)	0.226	0.95 (0.52-1.72)	0.854
< 15	180	38 (66.7)	1		1
UGB
Yes	53	11 (19.3)	0.92 (0.48-1.79)	0.808	0.99 (0.51-1.92)	0.967
No	205	46 (83.7)	1

PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; CTP: Child-Turcotte-Pugh; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; UGB: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding.