Hepatocellular carcinoma and the risk of occupational exposure

Table 1 Hepatocellular carcinoma and occupational exposure to infective agents

Risk agent	CAS No.	Occupational exposure	IARC class
Infective risk
HBV	-	Health care workers[4,38,41,44], waste operators[38,44]	Group 1[34]
HCV	-	Health care workers[38,39,61]	Group 1[34]
Aflatoxin B1	1162-65-8	Paper mill and sugar factory; poultry production; rice mill; waste management; swine industry; agri-food industry; wheat handling; textile manufacturing[77,78,87-91,93,96]	Group 1[76]

IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer; CAS No.: Chemical abstract service number; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus.

Table 2 Hepatocellular carcinoma and occupational exposure to chemical agents

Risk agent	CAS No.	Occupational exposure	IARC class
Non-infective risk
VCM	75-01-4	Plastics, plumbing, cabling, house framing, waterproof clothing, medical devices and food packaging industry[98,99,102,103,105-108,111,112,114-120]	Group 1[76]
TCE	79-01-6	Dry cleaning; paint stripping; metal degreasing; production of chlorinated chemical compounds; shoe manufacturing; aircraft/aerospace, electronics and printing industry[125,127]	Group 1[129]
PCE	127-18-4	Dry cleaning; textile processing; metal degreasing[138]	Group 2A[129]
DDT	50-29-3	Farming industry[141,145]	Group 2B[148]
N-nitrosamines	35576-91-1	Plastic, rubber and pharmacological manufacturing; farming industry; metalworking; electrical component production and use; gasoline and lubricant additives, production and use[159-165]	Group[160,161]
TCDD	1746-01-6	Waste management; paper mill; timber manufacturing; iron and steel manufacturing; electric power industry[175,179]	Group 1[76]
PeCDF	57117-31-4	Cement and metalworking industry; chemical manufacturing[171,172,175]	Group 1[76]
PCB	1336-36-3	Electrical industry, plastic and chemical industry; maintenance/repair technicians of PCB devices[175,186-190]	1Group[76,207]
PBB		Electronics recycling industry; maintenance/repair technicians of PBB devices[209-212]	Group 2A[207]
Chloral	75-87-6	Insecticides and herbicide production; polyurethane foam production and use[125,214,215]	Group 2A[216]
Chloral hydrate	302-17-0	Pharmaceutical producing; health care workers; laboratory research; water disinfection by chlorination[129,216]	Group 2A[216]
O-toluidine	95-53-4	Dye production and use; herbicide and pharmaceutical production; rubber industry; clinical laboratories[220-222,227,228]	Group 1[76]
MOCA	101-14-4	Rubber and polyurethane industry[220,230-232]	Group 1[76]
4-ABP	92-67-1	Rubber industry; dyes production[220,235-238]	Group 1[76]
BZD and dyes metabolized to BZD	92-87-5	Dye production and use; clinical laboratories[220,247]	Group 1[76]

1Not all of them are to be referred to group 1. VCM: Vinyl chloride monomer; TCE: Trichloroethylene; PCE: Perchlorethylene; DDT: 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethane; TCDD: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; PeCDF: 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran; PCB: Polychlorinated biphenyls; PBB: Polybrominated biphenyls; O-toluidine: Ortho-toluidine; MOCA: 4,4′-Methylene bis (2-chlorobenzenamine); 4-ABP: 4-aminobiphenyl; BZD: Benzidine; IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer; CAS No.: Chemical abstract service number.

Table 3 Hepatocellular carcinoma and occupational exposure to metals

Risk agent	CAS No.	Occupational exposure	IARC class
Non-infective risk
As	7440-38-2	Timber manufacturing; pesticide use; As extraction industry; lead processing; pharmaceutical industry; glass industry; leather preservatives; antifouling paints; agrochemical production; microelectronics and optical industries; non-ferrous metal smelters; coal-fired power plants[254-258]	Group 1[263]
Cd	7440-43-9	Cd mining; manufacturing of Cd-containing ores and products; Ni-Cd battery manufacturing, Cd alloy production[275,277,278]	Group 1[263]

As: Arsenic; Cd: Cadmium; IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer; CAS No.: Chemical abstract service number.