Gut microbiome and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: Current status and potential applications

Table 1 Studies presenting gut dysbiosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

			Alterations of GM (↑/↓)
Country	Subjects	Year	Phylum	Family	Genus/Species	Ref.
United States	Obese patients without NASH (n = 25), NASH (n = 22), Controls (n = 16)	2013	↑Bacteroidetes; ↑Proteobacteria; ↓Firmicutes; ↓Actinobacteria	↓Bifidobacteriaceae; ↑Alcaligenaceae; ↓Clostridiales family XI; ↑Campylobacteraceae; ↓Lachnospiraceae; ↑Enterobacteriaceae	↑Prevotella; ↑Escherichia	[69]
Canada	NAFLD (n = 33) vs Controls (n = 17)	2013	↓Bacteroidetes	/	↑Clostridium coccoides	[124]
Canada	NAFLD (n = 30) vs Controls (n = 30)	2013	↑Proteobacteria; ↑Firmicutes; ↓Bacteroidetes	↑Kiloniellaceae; ↑Pasteurellaceae; ↑Lactobacillaceae; ↑Lachnospiraceae; ↑Veillonellaceae; ↓Ruminococcaceae; ↓Porphyromonadaceae	↑Lactobacillu; ↑Robinsoniella; ↑Roseburia; ↑Dorea; ↓Oscillibacter	[125]
Hong Kong	NASH (n = 16) vs Controls (n = 22)	2013	↓Firmicutes	/	↓Faecalibacterium; ↓Anaerosporobacter; ↑Parabacteroides; ↑Allisonella	[126]
China	NAFLD (n = 53) vs Controls (n = 32)	2015	↑Firmicutes; ↑Proteobacteria	↑Peptostreptococcaceae; ↑Lactobacillaceae; ↓Ruminococcaceae; ↓Porphyromonadaceae	↑Escherichia; ↑Lactobacillus; ↑Streptococcus; ↑Anaerobacter; ↓Prevotella	[127]
United States	Controls (n = 26), obese (n = 11), NAFLD (n = 13)	2015	↑Actinobacteria	/	↓Erysipelotrichia; ↑Prevotella; ↓Alphaproteobacteria; ↑Clostridia; ↓Verrucomicrobia; ↑Fusobacteria; ↑Epsilonproteobacteria; ↑Gammaproteobacteria	[67]
France	NASH (n = 35) vs Controls (n = 22)	2016	↑Proteobacteria	↑Enterobacteriaceae; ↓Ruminococcaceae	↑Ruminococcus; ↓Prevotella; ↑Escherichia; ↓Anaerospacter; ↓Coprococcus; ↓Eubacterium; ↓Faecalibacterium; ↑Bacteroides	[128]
Italy	NAFLD (n = 61) vs Controls (n = 54)	2017	↑Actinobacteria; ↓Bacteroidetes	↓Rikenellaceae	↑Bradyrhizobium; ↑Anaerococcus; ↑Peptoniphilus; ↑Ruminococcus; ↓Oscillopira; ↑Dorea; ↑Blautia; ↑Propionibacterium acnes	[129]
China	NAFLD (n = 43) vs Controls (n = 83)	2016	↑Bacteroidetes; ↓Firmicutes	↑Bacteroidaceae; ↓Lachnospiraceae; ↑Prevotellaceae; ↓Ruminococcaceae; ↓Lactobacillaceae; ↓Peptostreptococcaceae	↓Coprococcus; ↓Anaerosporobacter; ↓Anaerotruncus; ↓Ruminococcus; ↓Lactobacillus	[130]
China	NAFLD (n = 25) vs Controls (n = 22)	2017	↑Proteobacteria; ↓Bacteroidetes	↑Lachnospiraceae; ↑Enterobacteriaceae; ↓Prevotellaceae; ↓Ruminococcaceae; ↑Erysipelotrichaceae; ↑Streptococcaceae	↑Fusobacteria; ↓Prevotella; ↑Blautia; ↑Escherichia; ↑Shigella; ↑Fusobacteria; ↑Escherichia Shigella	[131]
Canada	NAFLD (n = 39) vs Controls (n = 28)	2018	↓Firmicutes; ↓Bacteroidetes	↑Lactobacillaceae	↓Ruminococcus; ↓Faecalibacterium; ↓Coprococcus	[132]
Italy	Obese, NAFL and NASH (n = 61) and Controls (n = 54)	2016	/	/	↑Lactobacilli; ↓Bifidobacteria; ↑Lactobacilli mucosae; ↓Bifidobacteria longum; ↓Bifidobacteria adolescent; ↓Bifidobacteria bifidum	[133]
Brazil	NASH (n = 13) vs Controls (n = 10)	2017	/	/	↑Bacteroides; ↑Lactobacilli; ↓Ruminococcu; ↓Bifidobacterium; ↑Prevotella; ↓Faecalibacterium	[134]
China	NAFLD (n = 30) vs Controls (n = 37)	2018	/	↑Lactobacillaceae; ↑Veillonellaceae; ↑Peptostreptococcaceae; ↑Coprobacillaceae; ↑Erysipelotrichaceae; ↓Paraprevotellaceae; ↓Victivallaceae	↑Porphyromonas; ↑Clostridium; ↑Blautia; ↑Dorea; ↑Peptococcus; ↑Peptococcaceae_rc4-4; ↑Mitsuokella; ↑Slackia; ↑Succinivibrio; ↓Odoribacter; ↓Coprococcus; ↓Proteus	[135]
Germany	NAFLD (n = 90) vs Controls (n = 21)	2020	↓Bacteroidetes	↓Ruminococcaceae; ↑Lactobacillaceae; ↑Veillonellaceae	↑Dorea	[136]
United States	NAFLD (n = 44) vs Controls (n = 29)	2020	↓Bacteroidetes	/	↓Prevotella; ↓Gemmiger; ↓Oscillospira	[137]

NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.