Pre-sarcopenia and Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer as predictors of recurrence and prognosis of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma

doi:10.4254/wjh.v14.i7.1480

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World Journal of Hepatology

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1948-5182

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Hepatol. Jul 27, 2022; 14(7): 1480-1494
Published online Jul 27, 2022. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i7.1480

Table 1 Patient characteristics

	HCV-positive (n = 83)	HCV-negative (n = 77)	P value
Sex (male/female)	45/38	50/27	0.20
Age (years)¹	70 (44-90)	64 (41-88)	< 0.01
Tumor factors
Tumor number (solitary/multiple)	63/20	68/9	0.07
Tumor size (mm)¹	17 (8-30)	15 (6-30)	0.05
Tumor form (only boundary/others)	67/16	68/9	0.20
Stage (LCSG) (I/II/III)	39/38/6	45/27/5	0.35
Liver function
Child-Pugh Score (5-6/7-9)	66/17	66/11	< 0.01
ALBI grade (1/2-3)	27/56	43/34	0.41
Blood data
Platelet (×10⁴/µL)¹	10.2 (2.7-43.7)	11.8 (3.7-36.8)	0.04
AST (U/L)¹	56 (18-139)	39 (16-100)	< 0.01
ALT (U/L)¹	49 (12-155)	30 (9-87)	< 0.01
FIB-4 index¹	5.90 (0.96-37.86)	3.61 (0.88-14.16)	< 0.01
APRI¹	2.00 (0.15-15.06)	1.08 (0.28-4.32)	< 0.01
PT (%)¹	84.6 (48.6-125.0)	81.3 (51.8-117.1)	0.51
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)¹	0.9 (0.2-2.8)	0.9 (0.4-2.7)	0.56
Albumin (g/dL)¹	3.7 (2.2-4.7)	4.0 (2.4-5.0)	< 0.01
AFP (ng/mL)¹	17.4 (3.0-621.6)	6.4 (1.3-1962.9)	< 0.01
DCP (mAU/mL)¹	23 (4-1086)	22 (7-6308)	0.66
AFP-L3 (%)¹	5.1 (< 0.5-69.1)	< 0.5 (< 0.5-85.6)	0.03
M2BPGi (COI)¹	4.94 (0.78-17.81)	1.86 (0.36-10.23)	< 0.01
M2BP (ng/mL)¹	5385 (1460-22770)	2745 (865-12150)	< 0.01
SMI (cm²/m²)¹	5.28 (2.62-11.75)	6.51 (2.58-10.89)	< 0.01
Pre-sarcopenia, n (%)	21 (25.3)	14 (18.2)	0.34
Observation period (mo)¹	46 (6-157)	56 (6-185)	0.19

¹Median (range).

APRI (AST to platelet ratio index) = AST/platelet. FIB4 index = (age × AST)/(platelet × alanine aminotransferase × 0.5). HCV: hepatitis C virus; LCSG: liver cancer study group; ALBI: albumin-bilirubin; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; PT: prothrombin time; AFP: alfa-fetoprotein; DCP: des-γ-carboxyprothrombin; M2BPGi: Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer; M2BP: Mac-2 binding protein; SMI: skeletal muscle mass index.

Table 2 Factors contributing to survival in hepatitis C virus-positive patients

Subject	Univariate	Multivariate
Subject	P value	HR	95%CI	P value
Age (< 70/≥ 70 years)	0.08	1.92	0.94-3.94	0.074
Sex (Female/Male)	0.13
ALBI grade (1/2,3)	0.06	1.81	0.84-3.90	0.129
Child-Pugh Score (5-6/7-15)	0.15
Stage (LCSG) (I/II+III)	0.47
Tumor number (solitary/multiple)	0.97
Tumor form (only boundary/others)	0.43
Tumor size (< 20 mm/≥ 20 mm)	0.54
AFP (< 17.2/≥ 17.2 ng/mL)	0.12
DCP (< 23/≥ 23 mAU/mL)	< 0.01	2.54	1.23-5.23	0.012
AFP-L3 (< 10/≥ 10%)	0.02	1.72	0.80-3.71	0.167
M2BPGi (< 4.94/≥ 4.94 COI)	0.26
M2BP (< 5385/≥ 5385 ng/mL)	0.24
APRI (< 2.0/≥ 2.0)	0.58
FIB-4 index (< 4.5/≥ 4.5)	0.31
Pre-sarcopenia (No/Yes)	0.28

APRI (AST to platelet ratio index) = AST/platelet. FIB4 index = (age × AST)/(platelet × alanine aminotransferase × 0.5). HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; ALBI: albumin-bilirubin; LCSG: liver cancer study group; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; PT: prothrombin time; AFP: alfa-fetoprotein; DCP: des-γ-carboxyprothrombin; M2BPGi: Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer; COI: cutoff index; M2BP: Mac-2 binding protein.

Table 3 Factors contributing to survival in hepatitis C virus-negative patients

Subject	Univariate	Multivariate
Subject	P value	HR	95%CI	P value
Age (< 65/≥ 65)	0.03	-
Sex (Female/Male)	0.88
ALBI grade (1/2,3)	< 0.01	2.41	0.81-7.12	0.115
Child-Pugh Score (5-6/7-15)	< 0.01	-
Stage (LCSG) (I/II+III)	0.91
Tumor number (solitary/multiple)	0.54
Tumor form (boundary/others)	0.11
Tumor size (< 20 mm/≥ 20 mm)	0.74
AFP (< 6.4/≥ 6.4 ng/mL)	0.64
DCP (< 22/≥ 22 mAU/mL)	0.23
AFP-L3 (< 10/≥ 10%)	0.29
M2BPGi (< 1.86/≥ 1.86 COI)	< 0.01	4.89	1.97-12.18	< 0.001
M2BP (< 2745/≥ 2745 ng/mL)	0.92
APRI (< 1.5/≥ 1.5)	0.04	-
FIB-4 index (< 3.6/≥ 3.6)	< 0.01	1.86	0.63-5.44	0.257
Pre-sarcopenia (no/yes)	0.04	3.34	1.19-9.37	0.022

Citation: Nakai M, Morikawa K, Hosoda S, Yoshida S, Kubo A, Tokuchi Y, Kitagataya T, Yamada R, Ohara M, Sho T, Suda G, Ogawa K, Sakamoto N. Pre-sarcopenia and Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer as predictors of recurrence and prognosis of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2022; 14(7): 1480-1494
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v14/i7/1480.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v14.i7.1480