Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Hepatol. Apr 27, 2021; 13(4): 504-514
Published online Apr 27, 2021. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i4.504
Table 1 Main sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of chronic kidney disease individuals, people living with human immunodeficiency virus and coagulopathy individuals
VariableI_CKD
P_HIV
I_COAG
n (%)
n (%)
n (%)
GenderFemale101 (37.3)37 (38.9)1 (2.0)
Male170 (62.7)58 (61.1)50 (98.0)
Age18-3019 (7.0)9 (9.5)25 (50.0)
30+253 (93.0)86 (90.5)25 (50.0)
Marital statusMarried132 (49.3)31 (35.2)17 (33.3)
Not married136 (50.7)57 (64.8)34 (66.7)
RaceWhite71 (27.6)29 (46.0)14 (29.2)
Black186 (72.4)34 (54.0)34 (70.8)
Length of educationUp to 8 yr136 (51.1)36 (38.7)14 (27.5)
9 or more130 (48.9)57 (61.3)37 (72.5)
AcupunctureYes21 (7.8)9 (9.5)15 (29.4)
No247 (92.2)86 (90.5)36 (70.6)
TattooYes27 (10.1)29 (31.2)6 (12.0)
No240 (89.9)64 (68.8)44 (88.0)
PiercingYes9 (3.4)7 (7.5)2 (4.1)
No259 (96.6)86 (92.5)47 (95.9)
Shared nail cutters/razor/toothbrushYes190 (66.9)70 (74.5)22 (43.1)
No94 (33.1)24 (25.5)29 (56.9)
Blood or plasma transfusionYes169 (63.3)16 (17.2)35 (70.0)
No98 (36.7)77 (82.8)15 (30.0)
Transfusion before 1994Yes34 (12.8)7 (7.5)25 (49.0)
No231 (87.2)86 (92.5)26 (51.0)
HBV vaccineYes206 (72.5)41 (43.2)36 (70.6)
No78 (27.5)54 (56.8)15 (29.4)
Use of illicit drugsYes18 (6.9)22 (23.9)6 (12.2)
No244 (93.1)70 (76.1)43 (87.8)
History of STIYes61 (23.0)44 (51.8)10 (20.0)
No204 (77.0)41 (48.2)40 (80.0)
Alcohol consumptionYes48 (18.0)31 (41.3)30 (60.0)
No219 (82.0)44 (58.7)20 (40.0)
Condom useFrequent66 (25.6)57 (64.0)18 (39.1)
Infrequent192 (74.4)32 (36.0)28 (60.9)
Hemodialysis per week3 times236 (89.4)--
4 times or more28 (10.6)--
Hemodialysis time (mo)76.1 (80.1)--
CoagulopathyHemophilia--47 (92.2)
von Willebrand 3--4 (7.8)
Type of hemophiliaDeficiency factor VIII--39 (84.8)
Factor IV deficiency--7 (15.2)
SeverityMild/moderate--13 (28.3)
Serious--33 (71.7)
Inhibitory antibodiesPresent--5 (11.4)
Absent--39 (88.6)
Table 2 Bivariate analysis of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics according to hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus markers in chronic kidney disease individuals
VariableAdjustmentHBsAg
Anti-HBc
Anti-HCV
DBS
Serum
DBS
Serum
DBS
Serum
AcupunctureOR crude (95%CI)---4.0 (1.5-10.6)--
OR adjusted (95%CI)---5.1 (1.8-14.5)--
Shared nail cutters/razor /toothbrushOR crude (95%CI)--2.6 (1.4-4.6)1.9 (1.1-3.2)--
OR adjusted (95%CI)--2.7 (1.5-4.8)2.6 (1.5-4.7)--
History of transplantOR crude (95%CI)--2.9 (1.3-6.4)-5.8 (2.5-13.6)5.8 (2.5-13.6)
OR adjusted (95%CI)--2.7 (1.2-6.1)-2.8 (1.1-7.4)2.8 (1.1-7.7)
Infrequent condom useOR crude (95%CI)5.6 (1.6-16.4)4.4 (1.4-14.5)----
OR adjusted (95%CI)5.6 (1.6-16.4)4.4 (1.4-14.5)----
Hemodialysis time (mo)OR crude (95%CI)---1.01 (1.01-1.01)1.01 (1.01-1.02)1.01 (1.01-1.01)
OR adjusted (95%CI)---1.01 (1.01-1.01)1.01 (1.01-1.02)1.01 (1.01-1.02)
Hemodialysis 4 times per week or moreOR crude (95%CI)-----2.8 (1.1-6.9)
OR adjusted (95%CI)-----2.7 (1.1-7.4)
Table 3 Bivariate analysis of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics according to hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus markers in people living with human immunodeficiency virus
VariableAdjustmentHBsAg
Anti-HBc
Anti-HCV
DBS
Serum
DBS
Serum
DBS
Serum
Male genderOR crude (95%CI)-4.7 (1.3-17.4)3.2 (1.3-7.8)2.9 (1.1-7.3)--
OR adjusted (95%CI)-4.9 (1.2-19.2)3.2 (1.3-7.8)2.9 (1.1-7.3)--
Blood or plasma transfusionOR crude (95%CI)-4.2 (1.3-13.5)----
OR adjusted (95%CI)-4.6 (1.3-16.0)----
Table 4 Test parameter values according to individuals with coagulopathies, chronic kidney disease and people living with human immunodeficiency virus
Diagnostic test parametersI_COAG, n = 51
I_CKD, n = 284
P_HIV, n = 95
HBsAg
Anti-HBc
Anti-HCV
HBsAg
Anti-HBc
Anti-HCV
HBsAg
Anti-HBc
Anti-HCV
True positive (n)21320139043173524
True negative (n)493526270165235714870
False positive (n)001152460
False negative (n)0340233310
Sensitivity (%)10081.383.310079.693.585.097.2100
Specificity (%)10010096.399.697.199.294.788.9100
PPV (%)10010095.292.994.795.681.085.4100
NPV (%)10092.186.710087.898.795.998.0100
Correct classification (accuracy) (%)10094.190.299.690.198.292.692.2100
Incorrect classification (%)05.99.80.49.91.87.47.80
Estimated prevalence/serum (%)3.931.447.14.639.916.321.140.025.5
Estimated prevalence/DBS (%)3.925.541.24.933.615.922.145.625.5