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©The Author(s) 2019. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Hepatol. Oct 27, 2019; 11(10): 710-718
Published online Oct 27, 2019. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v11.i10.710
Published online Oct 27, 2019. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v11.i10.710
Characterization of patients with both alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a large United States cohort
George Khoudari, Department of Hospital Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
Amandeep Singh, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
Mazen Noureddin, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
Danielle Fritze, Department of General Surgery, Texas Liver Institute and University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78215, United States
Rocio Lopez, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
Imad Asaad, Department of Gastroenterology, Metro Health System, Cleveland, OH 44109, United States
Eric Lawitz, Fred Poordad, Naim Alkhouri, Texas Liver Institute and University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78215, United States
Kris V Kowdley, Swedish Liver Care Network, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98122, United States
Author contributions: All authors have contributed to this manuscript and have agreed on the content; Alkhoury N, Fritze D, and Noureddin M were involved in the study design; Khoudari G, Alkhoury N, and Singh A were involved with data analysis; Lopez R provided statistical support; Khoudari G, Kowdley K V, Singh A, Poordad F, Lawitz E, and Asaad I were involved with data interpretation, drafting and revising the work; All authors provided approval for the final version to be published.
Institutional review board statement: NHANES was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This study does not require IRB approval.
Informed consent statement: Informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors have no conflict of interest and nothing to disclose.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: George Khoudari, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Hospital Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 29401 Hummingbird Cir, Westlake, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States. gkhoudary@gmail.com
Telephone: +1-909-5382118
Received: May 13, 2019
Peer-review started: May 14, 2019
First decision: June 13, 2019
Revised: August 3, 2019
Accepted: October 15, 2019
Article in press: October 15, 2019
Published online: October 27, 2019
Peer-review started: May 14, 2019
First decision: June 13, 2019
Revised: August 3, 2019
Accepted: October 15, 2019
Article in press: October 15, 2019
Published online: October 27, 2019
Core Tip
Core tip: Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dataset, we studied a new classification of fatty liver disease that we believe is due to risk factors for both non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease occurring in the same individual. We propose to call this entity Both Alcoholic and NAFLD (BAFLD). As most of the risk factors that lead to BAFLD are potentially modifiable, understanding their reciprocal association and combined effect on the liver may aid in understanding, treating, and preventing BAFLD.