Biological, chemical and mechanical factors regulating migration and homing of mesenchymal stem cells

Table 1 Molecules involved in migration and tissue homing by mesenchymal stem cells

	Molecules	Stage of homing	Ref.
Adhesion molecules	CD24, CD29, CD44, CD49a-f, CD51/61VCAM-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, Pselectin	Rolling, adhesion, transendothelial migration	Langer et al[55], 2009
			Eseonu and De Bari[66], 2015
Chemokines receptors and chemokines	CXCR1/2/3/4/5/6, CCR1/2/4/6/8/9, MIP-1α, MCP-1, SDF-1	Chemotaxis	Kitaori et al[67], 2009
			Su et al[68], 2017
			Zhang et al[73], 2015
			Fu et al[74], 2019
Proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors	TGF-β, IGF-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-3, SCF, HGF, EGF, VEGF, FGF, PDGF, IGF	Chemotaxis	De Becker et al[70], 2007
			Yuan et al[75], 2012
			Gao et al[76], 2001
Extracellular matrix metalloproteinases	MMP-1, MMP-2	Invasion	Majumdar et al[43], 2003
			Schrepfer et al[82], 2007

VCAM: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; ICAM: Intercellular adhesion molecule; CXCR: Chemokine receptor; MIP-1α: Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; SDF-1: Stromal cell-derived factor-1; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL: Interleukin; SCF: Stem cell factor; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; VEGF: Vascular endothelial-derived growth factor; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; IGF: Insulin-like growth factor; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase.