Effect of metformin on stem cells: Molecular mechanism and clinical prospect

Figure 1 Effect of metformin and stem cells on tissue injury healing. TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; HMGB1: High mobility group box 1; LKB1: Liver kinase B1; AMPK: Adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; GSK3β: Glycogen synthase kinase 3β; IKK: Inhibitory NF-κB kinase; Runx2: Runt-related transcription factor 2; HDAC: Histone deacetylase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; MRFs: Myogenic regulatory factors; IL: Interleukin; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-B; PEG: Polyethyleneglycol; SDF-1: Stromalcell-derivedfactor1; eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NO: Nitric oxide.