Systematic Reviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Stem Cells. Oct 26, 2020; 12(10): 1214-1236
Published online Oct 26, 2020. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i10.1214
Proteomic profiling of various human dental stem cells - a systematic review
Jagadish Hosmani, Khalil Assiri, Hussain Mohammed Almubarak, Master Luqman Mannakandath, Ahmed Al-Hakami, Shankargouda Patil, Deepa Babji, Sachin Sarode, Anantharam Devaraj, Harish C Chandramoorthy
Jagadish Hosmani, Diagnostic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61471, Asir, Saudi Arabia
Khalil Assiri, Hussain Mohammed Almubarak, Master Luqman Mannakandath, Diagnostic Dental Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61471, Asir, Saudi Arabia
Ahmed Al-Hakami, Anantharam Devaraj, Harish C Chandramoorthy, Center for Stem Cell Research and Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Asir, Saudi Arabia
Shankargouda Patil, Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of oral Pathology, Jazan 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Deepa Babji, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Maratha Mandal's NG Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaun 590 010, Karnataka, India
Sachin Sarode, Department of Oral Pathology, Y Patil Dental College and Hospital, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India
Author contributions: Hosmani J and Chandramoorthy HC made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study; Babji D and Sarode S performed the literature search, and acquisition, analysis and interpretation of the data; Hosmani J, Patil S, Al-Hakami and Chandramoorthy HC drafted the article and performed critical revisions related to important intellectual content of the manuscript; Devraj A, Assiri K, Almubarak HA and Mannakandath ML designed the figures and contributed specific sections of content; All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Supported by Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University through Large Research Group Project, No. G.R.P 2/27/40.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Harish C Chandramoorthy, PhD, Associate Professor, Center for Stem Cell Research and Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, King Khalid University, College of Medicine, Griger, Abha 61421, Asir, Saudi Arabia. ccharishjabali@gmail.com
Received: March 18, 2020
Peer-review started: March 18, 2020
First decision: July 5, 2020
Revised: August 6, 2020
Accepted: September 1, 2020
Article in press: September 1, 2020
Published online: October 26, 2020
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background

Five different types of dental stem cells (DSCs) which localize at specific areas of developing tooth anlage are dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), stem cells from apical papilla (APSCs), and dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs). Each population of these stem cells are unique in their own way and have the ability of self-renewal and multipotency. These stem cells are fundamental tenets of regenerative dentistry and can be source for cell therapies and tooth and periodontium engineering. Mechanics of stemness, regulation of cell renewal, proliferation potential and differentiation to specific cell lineages can be explored by the powerful bioinformatics tool known as proteomics.

Research motivation

A rapid stride in the field of proteomics provides us with tangible and exponential information for a global understanding of the biological features of stem cells. Critical events in the life cycle of different DSCs like, protein distribution, post-translational modifications, and the protein interactome patterns are deciphered by proteomics and provide the useful links to understand the behavioral pattern of stem cells which can be cloned and replicated in laboratories.

Research objectives

Several investigations have investigated the protein expression profiles in DPSCs, PDLSCs, DFSCs and APSCs to generate a database of proteins regularly or differentially expressed among various DSCs. The objectives of this systematic review were to quantify the existing literature on proteomic profiling of DSCs and put forth the comparative proteomic profiles of DSCs, they types of methodologies two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and stable isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture (known as SILAC)), influence or microenvironment or preconditioning factors on DSCs and expression of different phenotypic cell surface markers on various DSCs.

Research methods

The review was accounted for as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses proclamation. The PICO framework was used to develop literature search strategy. Definite mechanized literature searches were performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 1990 up to and including December 2018. An extra inquiry of the grey literature was completed on Google Scholar, ProQuest, and OpenGrey. Reference arrangements of every single included article were physically perused to distinguish any potential applicable articles. MeSH terms (PubMed) and keywords were used independently and in combination: DSCs; dental MSCs; dental pulp stem cell; periodontal ligament stem cell; stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth; dental follicle stem cell; apical papilla stem cell; DSCs proliferation; dental mesenchymal stem cell proliferation; proteomic analysis; proteomic profiling; secretome.

Research results

The initial search resulted in 134 articles. Out of 134 full-texts assessed, 96 articles were excluded. Thus, 38 articles that met the eligibility criteria were included. Among the articles reviewed in the present study, 24 studies were carried out on DPSCs, 11 studies on PDLSCs, 7 studies on DFSCs, 5 studies on APSCs and 4 studies on SHEDs either individually or in combination with other DSCs or MSCs.

Research conclusions

In the field of regenerative medicine, DSCs, because of their multipotency, have been the subject of great interest for several researchers. Proteomic analysis of these unique cells has contributed to the identification of important pathways utilized by the various DSCs to differentiate into distinct tissues as well as important proteins responsible for their special function in vivo and in vitro. However, comparison of proteomic studies in DSCs still suffers from the heterogeneity of various DSCs. In addition, as proteomics technology advances, several studies can be revisited in order to increase the depth of analysis and, thereby, elucidate more refined mechanisms involved in DSCs functionalities.

Research perspectives

Quantification and validation of all the differentially expressed proteins of DSCs can be analyzed by bioinformatics. The various facets of the proteome and its associated entities can be evaluated. Identification of specific cell surface markers of each type of DSC can build new vistas in the field of regenerative dentistry.