Emerging role of exosomes in ulcerative colitis: Targeting NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome

Table 1 Sources of exosomes and their roles in ulcerative colitis

Exosomes source	Pivotal molecules	Role of the exosomes	Conclusion	Ref.
Stem cell	miR-378a-5p	Inhibiting pyroptosis through NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling	Beneficial	[71]
Stem cell	miR-539-5p	Inhibiting pyroptosis through NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling	Beneficial	[72]
Stem cell	miRNA	Suppressing pyroptosis	Beneficial	[73]
Stem cell	miR-203a-3p.2	Suppressing macrophage pyroptosis induced by caspase11/4	Beneficial	[74]
Stem cell	NA	Regulating the Treg population	Beneficial	[75]
Stem cell	NA	Modulating the gut metagenomics-metabolomics-farnesoid X receptor axis	Beneficial	[76]
Stem cell	NA	Polarizing M2b macrophages	Beneficial	[77]
Stem cell	miR-146a	Inhibiting SUMO1 expression and its binding to β-catenin	Beneficial	[78]
Stem cell	miR-216a-5p	Inducing macrophage M2 polarization by regulating the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway	Beneficial	[79]
Stem cell	NA	Regulating the Th17/Treg balance	Beneficial	[80]
Stem cell	NA	Repairing intestinal barrier via TSG-6	Beneficial	[81]
Stem cell	miR-125a, miR-125b	Repressing Th17 cell differentiation	Beneficial	[82]
Stem cell	NA	Limiting intestinal epithelial cells reactive oxygen species accumulation and DNA damage through HIF-1α	Beneficial	[83]
Stem cell	miR-181a	Improving gut microbiota composition, barrier function, and inflammatory status	Beneficial	[84]
Stem cell	NA	Suppressing inflammation	Beneficial	[85]
Stem cell	NA	Modulating Th1/Th17 and Treg cell responses	Beneficial	[86]
Stem cell	NA	Attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis	Beneficial	[87]
Stem cell	NA	Stimulating epithelial repair and decreasing epithelial apoptosis	Beneficial	[88]
Stem cell	NA	Modulating the expression of IL-7 in macrophages	Beneficial	[89]
Stem cell	NA	Downregulating intestine ferroptosis	Beneficial	[90]
Melatonin and stem cell	NA	Suppressing inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis	Beneficial	[91]
Dendritic Cell	miR-146a	Targeting Traf6, IRAK-1, and NLRP3 in macrophages	Beneficial	[92]
Dendritic cell	NA	Preventing colon damage	Beneficial	[93]
Dendritic cell	NA	Downregulating the expression of IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α	Beneficial	[94]
Dendritic cell	NA	Carrying drug to dendritic cell	Beneficial	[95]
M2 macrophage	miR-590-3p	Suppressing LATS1 and activating the YAP/β-catenin signaling	Beneficial	[96]
M1 macrophage	MiR-21a-5p	Decreasing E-cadherin and subsequent ILC2 activation	Unfavorable	[97]
Intestinal	NA	Promoting wound healing	Beneficial	[98]
Visceral adipose tissue	miR-155	Promoting macrophage M1 polarization	Unfavorable	[99]
Serum	NA	Inhibiting MCP-1 and MIP-1α expression via NLRP12-Notch signaling pathway	Beneficial	[100]
Serum	Proteins	Implicating macrophage activation	NA	[101]
Helicobacter pylori	NA	Aggravating intestinal epithelium barrier dysfunction by facilitating Claudin-2 expression	Unfavorable	[102]
Milk	NA	Suppressing inflammation	Beneficial	[103]
Cow and human milk	miRNA-320, 375, and Let-7	Downregulating DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and DNMT3	Beneficial	[104]
Bovine colostrum	NA	Suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress	Beneficial	[105]

NA: Not available.

Table 2 Sources of exosomes and their roles in NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome regulation

Exosomes source	Pivotal molecules	Role of the exosomes	Ref.
Stem cell	miR-378a-5p	Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation	[71]
Stem cell	miR-539-5p	Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation	[72]
Stem cell	NA	Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation	[73]
Stem cell	miR-17	Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation by targeting TXNIP	[106]
Stem cell	NA	Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation by down-regulating ROS levels	[107]
Stem cell	NA	Inhibiting TLR4-NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis	[108]
Plasma	NA	Inhibiting pyroptosis through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway	[109]
Stem cell	NA	Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis by promoting AMPK-dependent autophagic flux	[110]
Stem cell	circHIPK3	Inhibiting pyroptosis by down-regulating miR-421 to increase FOXO3A expression	[111]
Stem cell	miRNA Let-7	Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation by down-regulating ROS levels	[112]
Stem cell	miR-188-3p	Targeting NLRP3	[113]
Stem cell	NA	Inhibiting the tumor suppressor Rb1-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome	[114]
Stem cell	NA	Inhibiting pyroptosis through the TLR4 pathway	[115]
Cancer cells	miR-21	Repressing PTEN and BRCC3 to facilitate NLRP3 phosphorylation	[116]
Stem cell	circ_003564	Attenuating inflammasome-related pyroptosis	[117]
Stem cell	miR-100-5p	Inhibiting the FOXO3A/NLRP3 pathway	[118]
Stem cell	miR-17-5p	Suppressing TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome	[119]
Pericyte	circEhmt1	Upregulating NFIA levels to suppress NLRP3-mediated inflammasome formation	[120]
B cells	miR-BART15	Targeting the miR-223 binding site in the NLRP3 3′-untranslated region	[121]
Stem cell	NA	Suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation	[122]
Stem cell	NA	Suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation	[123]
Stem cell	NA	Suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation	[124]
Stem cell	NA	Regulating pyroptosis via the miR-146a-5p-TRAF6 axis	[125]
M2 macrophage	NA	Suppressing the ROS/NLRP3 pathway	[126]
Stem cell	NA	Attenuating inflammasome-related pyroptosis	[127]
Cancer cells	NA	Suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation	[128]
Stem cell	miR-23b	Attenuating inflammasome-related pyroptosis	[129]
Stem cell	miR-223-3p	Targeting NLRP3	[130]
Stem cell	NA	Suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation	[131]
Stem cell	NA	Modulating miR-126 via targeting HMGB1	[132]
Plasma	NA	Promoting the autophagic degradation of NLRP3	[133]
Stem cell	miR-223	Downregulating NLRP3 expression	[134]
Dendritic cell	NA	Downregulating NLRP3 expression	[135]
M2 macrophage	microRNA-148a	Inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway	[136]
Salivary	miR-223-3p	Attenuating inflammasome-related pyroptosis	[137]
Neutrophils	miR-30d-5p	Upregulating NLRP3 expression through the NF-κB pathway	[138]
Cancer cells	TRIM59	Inducing the ubiquitination of ABHD5 to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome activation	[139]
Epithelium cells	NA	Upregulating the NLRP3 inflammasome	[140]
Serum	NA	Activating the NLRP3 inflammasome	[141]
Plasma	NA	Triggering NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis	[142]
Plasma	NA	Triggering NLRP3 inflammasome	[143]
Plasma	NA	Activating the NLRP3 inflammasome	[144]
Serum	NA	Inhibiting the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway	[145]
Plasma	miRNA-223	Inhibiting NLRP3	[146]
Renal tissues	NA	Suppressing NLRP3 activation	[147]

NA: Not available.