Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with COVID-19

Table 1 Clinical presentation of gastrointestinal symptoms among coronavirus disease 2019 patients, n (%)

Ref.	Number of patients	Diarrhea	Anorexia	Nausea	Vomiting	Abdominal pain	GI Bleeding
Ha et al[12]	80	10 (12.5)	-	6 (7.5)	2 (2.5)	7 (8.8)	1 (1.3)
Jin et al[10]	651	53 (8.1)	-	10 (1.5)	11 (1.7)	-	-
Lin et al[11]	95	23 (24.2)	17 (17.9)	17 (17.9)	4 (4.2)	2 (2.1)1	2 (2.1)2
Zhang et al[65]	139	18 (12.9)	17 (12.2)	24 (17.3)	7 (5)	8 (5.8)	-
Wang et al[66]	138	14 (10.1)	55 (39.9)	14 (10.1)	5 (3.6)	3 (2.2)	-
Chen et al[67]	99	2(2)	-	1 (1)3
Chen et al[68]	9	2 (22.2)	-	-	-	-	-
Young et al[13]	18	3 (16.7)	-	-	-	-	-
Chang et al[69]	13	1 (7.7)	-	-	-	-	-
Liu et al[70]	137	11 (8)	-	-	-	-	-
Pan et al[71]	204	35 (17.2)	81 (39.7)	-	4 (2)	2 (1)	-
Wang et al[72]	69	10 (14.5)	7 (10.1)	-	3 (4.3)	-	-
Yang et al[73]	52	-	-	-	2 (3.8)	-	-
Spiteri et al[74]	38	1 (2.6)	-	1 (2.6)	-	-	-
Han et al[75]	206	67 (32.5)	32 (15.5)	-	24 (11.7)	9 (4.4)	-
Nobel et al[76]	278	56 (20.1)	-	63 (22.7)3
Zhou et al[77]	254	46 (18.1)	-	21 (8.3)	15 (5.9)	3 (1.2)	-
Cholankeril et al[78]	116	12 (10.3)	22 (25.3)	12 (10.3)	5 (4.3)	10 (8.8)	-
Redd et al[79]	318	107 (33.7)	110 (34.8)	84 (26.4)	49 (15.4)	46 (14.5)	2 (0.63)
Total	2914	471 (16.2)	341 (11.7)	253 (8.7)	131 (4.5)	90 (3.1)	5 (0.2)

¹Epigastric discomfort.

²Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

³Nausea and vomiting. GI: Gastrointestinal.