Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Dad-13 powder consumption on the gut microbiota and intestinal health of overweight adults

doi:10.3748/wjg.v27.i1.107

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Randomized Controlled Trial

World J Gastroenterol. Jan 7, 2021; 27(1): 107-128
Published online Jan 7, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i1.107

Table 1 Demographic data of study subjects

	Probiotic-treated group (n = 30)	Placebo group (n = 30)	P value
Age (yr)	44.07 ± 6.23	44.67 ± 5.66	0.42¹
Height (cm)	159.66 ± 8.27	157.92 ± 9.58	0.40¹
Weight (kg)	83.45 ± 14.61	79.58 ± 11.79	0.21¹
BMI (kg/m²)	32.69 ± 5.07	31.88 ± 3.77	0.18¹
Women, n (%)	18 (60)	18 (60)	0.00²
Men, n (%)	12 (40)	12 (40)	0.00²

¹Independent sample t-test.

²Chi-square. BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Changes of body weight, height, and body mass index

	Group	Baseline period	Ingestion period	P value
Weight	Probiotic-treated	84.54 ± 17.62	83.14 ± 14.71	0.04^2a
Weight	Placebo	79.37 ± 11.76	78.80 ± 11.77	0.12¹
Height	Probiotic-treated	159.66 ± 8.27	159.66 ± 8.27	1.00²
Height	Placebo	157.92 ± 9.58	157.92 ± 9.58	1.00²
BMI	Probiotic-treated	33.10 ± 6.15	32.57 ± 5.01	0.04^2a
BMI	Placebo	31.80 ± 3.71	31.56 ± 3.67	0.18¹

¹Independent sample t-test.

²Wilcoxon signed-rank test. A significantly different (^aP < 0.05). BMI: Body mass index.

Table 3 Different changes of body weight, height, and body mass index in female and male subjects

Gender		Group	Baseline period	Ingestion period	P value
Women	Weight	Probiotic-treated	77.91 ± 14.16	77.08 ± 13.68	0.01^1a
		Placebo	73.20 ± 9.93	72.69 ± 9.93	0.33¹
	Height	Probiotic-treated	153.82 ± 4.05	153.82 ± 4.05	1.00²
		Placebo	151.42 ± 5.92	151.42 ± 5.92	1.00²
	BMI	Probiotic-treated	32.90 ± 5.73	32.58 ± 5.58	0.02^1a
		Placebo	31.96 ± 4.25	31.72 ± 4.14	0.31¹
Men	Weight	Probiotic-treated	94.48 ± 18.11	92.22 ± 11.45	0.38¹
	Weight	Placebo	88.63 ± 7.51	87.97 ± 7.77	0.16¹
	Height	Probiotic-treated	168.42 ± 3.92	168.42 ± 3.92	1.00²
	Height	Placebo	167.67 ± 3.87	167.67 ± 3.87	1.00²
	BMI	Probiotic-treated	33.39 ± 6.98	32.54 ± 4.25	0.37¹
	BMI	Placebo	31.56 ± 2.87	31.32 ± 2.96	0.15¹

¹Independent sample t-test.

²Wilcoxon signed-rank test. A significantly different (^aP < 0.05). BMI: Body mass index.

Table 4 Lipid profile

Lipid profile	Group	Baseline period	Ingestion period	P value
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	Probiotic-treated	194.93 ± 37.64	192.20 ± 36.55	0.46²
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	Placebo	193.70 ± 29.47	192.37 ± 29.75	0.41²
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	Probiotic-treated	151.50 ± 63.92	166.83 ± 75.02	0.16²
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	Placebo	191.40 ± 133.60	187.73 ± 111.58	0.54²
HDL (mg/dL)	Probiotic-treated	40.33 ± 9.77	40.00 ± 9.28	0.69¹
HDL (mg/dL)	Placebo	39.93 ± 7.29	40.60 ± 8.18	0.39¹
LDL (mg/dL)	Probiotic-treated	141.43 ± 32.17	136.97 ± 33.12	0.18²
LDL (mg/dL)	Placebo	134.50 ± 24.84	133.50 ± 27.06	0.71¹
Ratio of LDL/HDL	Probiotic-treated	3.63 ± 0.95	3.55 ± 0.87	0.38¹
Ratio of LDL/HDL	Placebo	3.44 ± 0.70	3.39 ± 0.84	0.61¹

¹Paired t-test.

²Wilcoxon signed-rank test. A significantly different (P < 0.05). LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein.

Table 5 Fecal characteristic (volume, type, color, odor, pH) and defecation frequency

	Group	Baseline period	Ingestion period	P value
Volume	Probiotic-treated	2.20 ± 0.79	2.23 ± 0.96	0.86¹
Volume	Placebo	2.37 ± 0.95	2.29 ± 0.90	0.23²
Type	Probiotic-treated	3.59 ± 0.93	3.22 ± 1.17	0.08¹
Type	Placebo	4.02 ± 1.14	3.89 ± 0.93	0.34²
Color	Probiotic-treated	1.86 ± 0.57	1.73 ± 0.55	0.20¹
Color	Placebo	2.00 ± 0.59	1.95 ± 0.54	0.70¹
Odor	Probiotic-treated	1.11 ± 0.37	1.10 ± 0.28	0.93²
Odor	Placebo	1.26 ± 0.35	1.32 ± 0.41	0.57²
pH	Probiotic-treated	5.72 ± 0.31	5.76 ± 0.28	0.51³
	Placebo	5.58 ± 0.40	5.75 ± 0.34	0.07³
Defecation frequency⁴	Probiotic-treated	12.93 ± 3.61	13.40 ± 4.52	0.58²
Defecation frequency⁴	Placebo	14.67 ± 4.93	15.70 ± 7.57	0.51²

¹Independent sample t-test.

²Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

³Paired t-test.

⁴Every 10 d.

Table 6 Short-chain fatty acid (acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyrate acid) of feces

	Group	Baseline period	Ingestion period	P value^a
Acetic acid (mmol/kg)	Probiotic-treated	63.19 ± 34.97	64.76 ± 17.61	0.89
Acetic acid (mmol/kg)	Placebo	67.09 ± 19.56	63.76 ± 13.05	0.65
Propionic acid (mmol/kg)	Probiotic-treated	22.02 ± 14.17	20.65 ± 9.76	0.67
Propionic acid (mmol/kg)	Placebo	21.98 ± 10.44	17.16 ± 2.04	0.17
Butyrate acid (mmol/kg)	Probiotic-treated	14.78 ± 6.68	14.97 ± 7.24	0.95
Butyrate acid (mmol/kg)	Placebo	19.45 ± 8.60	15.59 ± 9.40^a	0.33

^aPaired t-test with significance level of 5%.

Table 7 Diet profile of subjects

	Group	Baseline period	Ingestion day 11-20	Ingestion day 21-30	Ingestion day 31-40	Ingestion day 41-60	Ingestion day 61-80	Ingestion day 81-100
Energy (kcal)	Probiotic-treated	1518.17 ± 484.46	1322.04 ± 431.90	1338.23 ± 376.17	1274.13 ± 390.37	1124.89 ± 378.82^a	1060.65 ± 286.86^a	1103.54 ± 311.74^a
Energy (kcal)	Placebo	1642.88 ± 599.33	1660.02 ± 611.62	1562.79 ± 1144.53	1396.65 ± 476.01^a	1085.16 ± 346.08^a	1047.90 ± 313.37^a	1105.73 ± 313.58^a
Water (g)	Probiotic-treated	744.06 ± 526.92	633.17 ± 397.27	593.60 ± 377.72	691.70 ± 470.44	720.66 ± 551.62	656.24 ± 419.94	712.81 ± 438.11
Water (g)	Placebo	1122.19 ± 615.82	1016.66 ± 665.44	1041.80 ± 568.23	1100.16 ± 601.35	688.97 ± 533.39^a	813.86 ± 565.46	841.27 ± 595.64
Protein (g)	Probiotic-treated	52.72 ± 19.49	44.69 ± 16.73	46.23 ± 14.61	46.81 ± 12.61	38.49 ± 14.10^a	38.30 ± 10.23^a	39.62 ± 11.30^a
Protein (g)	Placebo	53.92 ± 24.02	55.03 ± 25.52	47.12 ± 33.52	47.02 ± 18.70	38.38 ± 12.95^a	35.67 ± 10.98^a	39.09 ± 9.72^a
Lipid (g)	Probiotic-treated	61.41 ± 30.24	47.15 ± 26.32	47.60 ± 21.41	49.86 ± 19.25	40.78±15.24^a	39.63 ± 12.02^a	40.78 ± 12.99^a
	Placebo	64.15 ± 34.36	63.17 ± 38.78	54.22 ± 36.98	52.15 ± 25.09^a	36.99 ± 13.85^a	36.88 ± 12.74^a	37.68 ± 9.70^a
Carbo-hydrate (g)	Probiotic-treated	190.85 ± 68.00	179.93 ± 57.44	180.95 ± 65.23	160.50 ± 59.23	150.80 ± 56.88	137.97 ± 43.53^a	144.63 ± 46.33^a
Carbo-hydrate (g)	Placebo	216.39 ± 88.21	221.71 ± 83.07	224.10 ± 190.74	186.27 ± 71.98	149.82 ± 48.91^a	144.70 ± 49.45^a	153.74 ± 60.37^a
Fiber (g)	Probiotic-treated	10.96 ± 5.88	8.66 ± 3.04	8.71 ± 2.91	8.49 ± 2.63	7.08 ± 2.16^a	6.24 ± 2.01^a	6.61 ± 2.48^a
	Placebo	12.17 ± 7.15	13.34 ± 9.00	11.90 ± 8.61	10.20 ± 4.67	6.96 ± 2.99^a	7.17 ± 2.30^a	7.45 ± 2.30^a
PUFA (g)	Probiotic-treated	16.87 ± 13.02	12.80 ± 7.73	12.17 ± 5.87	13.03 ± 7.64	12.17 ± 7.36	10.91 ± 4.50	10.86 ± 4.31
	Placebo	18.20 ± 13.73	18.49 ± 15.71	15.70 ± 13.47	16.29 ± 13.52	10.50 ± 5.94^a	10.03 ± 4.70^a	9.73 ± 3.1^a
Choles-terol (mg)	Probiotic-treated	191.39 ± 163.58	163.28 ± 83.55	168.44 ± 92.31	182.29 ± 68.95	160.32 ± 84.56	172.70 ± 77.78	179.23 ± 57.13
Choles-terol (mg)	Placebo	170.42 ± 154.32	168.91 ± 169.50	142.45 ± 159.96	164.19 ± 124.86	173.22 ± 86.80	165.31 ± 85.03	182.64 ± 81.91

^aP < 0.05 based on Independent sample t-test compared to the nutrient intake in baseline. PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acid.

Table 8 Gut microbiota composition based on genus

Phylum	Genus	Probiotic-treated			Placebo
Phylum	Genus	Baseline, mean (%) ± SD	Ingestion, mean (%) ± SD	P value	Baseline, mean (%) ± SD	Ingestion, mean (%) ± SD	P value
Firmicutes	Faecalibacterium	11.43 ± 5.03	10.94 ± 4.21	0.614	15.30 ± 7.07	11.82 ± 5.50	0.01^a
	Coprococcus	7.53 ± 3.55	6.23 ± 1.85	0.037^a	7.34 ± 3.71	5.82 ± 2.67	0.116
	Other	7.63 ± 5.05	8.22 ± 4.15	0.491	6.03 ± 4.13	8.40 ± 4.56	0.012^a
	Ruminococcus	4.49 ± 4.06	3.69 ± 2.90	0.271	3.80 ± 3.84	3.70 ± 4.79	0.572
	Roseburia	1.36 ± 1.31	1.54 ± 1.10	0.072^b	1.49 ± 1.55	2.04 ± 1.28	0.037^a
	Clostridium	0.16 ± 0.22	0.16 ± 0.27	0.829	0.25 ± 0.53	0.35 ± 0.49	0.202
	Paenibacillus	0.01 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.01	0.1	0.03 ± 0.06	0.00 ± 0.01	0.002^a
Bacteroidetes	Prevotella	14.56 ± 11.57	19.25 ± 13.03	0.066^b	14.15 ± 13.69	14.28 ± 14.13	0.75
Bacteroidetes	Bacteroides	3.78 ± 5.43	5.57 ± 8.21	0.019^a	5.59 ± 9.97	10.30 ± 13.83	0.04^a
Actino-bacteria	Bifidobacterium	3.38 ± 4.96	2.74 ± 4.01	0.6	3.07 ± 3.95	2.71 ± 2.91	0.957
	Collinsella	2.02 ± 1.40	1.52 ± 0.94	0.069^b	2.00 ± 1.80	1.51 ± 0.98	0.271
	Brevibacterium	0.01 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.01	0.307	0.03 ± 0.07	0.01 ± 0.02	0.082^b
Proteo-bacteria	Succinivibrio	2.19 ± 4.51	1.44 ± 3.37	0.548	2.06 ± 5.29	2.51 ± 6.89	0.534
	Phyllobacterium	0.02 ± 0.04	0.02 ± 0.02	0.037^a	0.01 ± 0.03	0.01 ± 0.03	0.167
	Sphingomonas	0.02 ± 0.03	0.02 ± 0.02	0.75	0.01 ± 0.03	0.01 ± 0.03	0.833
Verrucomicrobia	Akkermansia	0.13 ± 0.56	0.04 ± 0.18	0.028^a	0.35 ± 1.64	0.02 ± 0.07	0.024^a

^aPaired t-test with significance level of 5% (P < 0.05).

^bSignificance level 10% (P < 0.1).

Table 9 Composition of gut microbiota (based on the most abundant in phylum population) in the probiotic-treated and placebo groups before and after ingestion period

No.	Phylum	Group	Baseline period	Ingestion period	P value^a
1	Firmicutes	Probiotic-treated	69.90 ± 15.95	64.13 ± 15.22	0.037^a
1	Firmicutes	Placebo	70.66 ± 14.41	65.30 ± 14.52	0.153
2	Bacteroidetes	Probiotic-treated	20.63 ± 11.49	28.27 ± 14.26	0.008^a
2	Bacteroidetes	Placebo	21.30 ± 12.72	26.71 ± 13.93	0.045^a
3	Actinobacteria	Probiotic-treated	6.11 ± 5.37	5.07 ± 5.48	0.237
3	Actinobacteria	Placebo	5.55 ± 4.90	4.63 ± 3.61	0.453
4	Proteobacteria	Probiotic-treated	2.87 ± 6.39	2.04 ± 6.05	0.491
4	Proteobacteria	Placebo	1.84 ± 4.32	1.69 ± 3.77	0.572
5	Fusobacteria	Probiotic-treated	0.23 ± 0.57	0.34 ± 0.86	0.701
5	Fusobacteria	Placebo	0.20 ± 0.94	1.58 ± 6.57	0.044^a
6	Verrucomicrobia	Probiotic-treated	0.13 ± 0.57	0.04 ± 1.66	0.028^a
	Verrucomicrobia	Placebo	0.35 ± 0.19	0.02 ± 0.07	0.024^a
7	Cyanobacteria	Probiotic-treated	0.09 ± 0.29	0.07 ± 0.21	0.537
	Cyanobacteria	Placebo	0.06 ± 0.24	0.04 ± 0.10	0.427
8	Lentisphaerae	Probiotic-treated	0.02 ± 0.05	0.01 ± 0.08	0.681
		Placebo	0.03 ± 0.02	0.03 ± 0.11	0.334
9	Elusimicrobia	Probiotic-treated	0.00 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.03	0.655
	Elusimicrobia	Placebo	0.01 ± 0.02	0.00 ± 0.00	0.317
10	Synergistetes	Probiotic-treated	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.655
10	Synergistetes	Placebo	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.01	0.273

^aPaired t-test with significance level of 5%.

Citation: Rahayu ES, Mariyatun M, Putri Manurung NE, Hasan PN, Therdtatha P, Mishima R, Komalasari H, Mahfuzah NA, Pamungkaningtyas FH, Yoga WK, Nurfiana DA, Liwan SY, Juffrie M, Nugroho AE, Utami T. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Dad-13 powder consumption on the gut microbiota and intestinal health of overweight adults. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27(1): 107-128
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i1/107.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i1.107