Overlooked risk for needle tract seeding following endoscopic ultrasound-guided minimally invasive tissue acquisition

Table 1 Characteristics of reported needle tract seeding of pancreatic cancer

Ref.	Age	Sex	Pathological diagnosis	Staging	Location	Size, mm	Initial treatment	Frequency of puncture	Needle gauge	Time interval	Details of needle tract seeding
											Discovery	Location	Maximum diameter (mm)	Treatment	Outcome
Paquin et al[46] 2005	65	Male	Adenocarcinoma	T1N0M0	Pt	22	DP	5	22G	21 mo	Symptom/CT/EUS/CA19-9	Posterior gastric wall	50	CHE	Died 12 mo after CHE
Chong et al[47] 2011	55	Female	Adenocarcinoma	T2N0M0	Pt	27	DP	2	22G	26 mo	CA19-9/PET-CT/EUS/EGD	Posterior gastric wall	40	Unknown, incurable	Unknown
Ahmed et al[48] 2011	79	Male	Adenocarcinoma	T2N0M0	Pb	Unknown	Central pancreatectomy	Several times	Unknown	39 mo	PET-CT/EUS/CT	Gastric wall	45	Total gastrectomy	Died with widely metastatic melanoma
Katanuma et al[27] 2012	68	Female	Adenocarcinoma	T2N0M0	Pb	20	DP	4	22G	22 mo	EGD/CT	Posterior gastric wall	Unknown	Surgery	Unknown
Ngamruengphong et al[36] 2013	66	Male	Adenocarcinoma	Unknown	Pb/Pt	Unknown	Subtotal pancreatectomy and Chemoradiation	3	22G and 19G	27 mo	Symptom/EGD/EUS-FNA	Gastric wall	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Ngamruengphong et al[36] 2013	77	Female	Adenocarcinoma	Unknown	Pt	40	DP and PG	3	19G	26 mo	Symptom/EGD	Gastric wall	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Sakurada et al[49] 2015	87	Female	Adenosquamous carcinoma	T2N0M0	Pb	25	DP	Unknown	22G	19 mo	CA19-9/CT/EUS	Posterior gastric wall	20	PG	Unknown
Tomonari et al[25] 2015	78	Male	Pancreatic adenocarcinoma	T3N0M0	Pb	20	DP and CHE	2	22G	28 mo	CA19-9/EGD	Gastric wall	32	Subtotal gastrectomy	Unknown
Minaga et al[50] 2015	64	Female	Moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma	T3N0M0	Pb	20	DP	3	22G	8 mo	CA19-9//EGD	Posterior gastric wall	12	PG	No recurrence after 27 mo of follow-up
Yamabe et al[51] 2016	75	Male	Intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma	Unknown	Unknown	30	CHE	Unknown	25G	3 mo	CT/EGD/EUS-FNA	Posterior gastric wall	24	Palliative CHE	Died 26 mo after CHE
Minaga et al[52], 2016	72	Female	Well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma	T1N0M0	Pb	10	DP	3	22G	24 mo	EGD	Posterior gastric wall	30	Gastrectomy	No recurrence after 18 mo of follow-up
Iida et al[53] 2016	78	Female	Infiltrating pancreatic duct cancer	T3N0M0	Unknown	Unknown	DP	3	22G	6 mo	PET-CT/EGD/EUS	Posterior gastric wall	18	DG	No recurrence after 10 mo of follow-up
Kita et al[54] 2016	68	Female	Adenocarcinoma	Unknown	Pb/Pt	Unknown	Radiation	2	22G	7 mo	PET-CT/EGD	Posterior gastric wall	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Sakamoto et al[55] 2018	50	Male	Invasive ductal carcinoma	T4N1M0	Pt	38	DP and CHE	2	22G	24 mo	EGD/EUS	Posterior gastric wall	20	PG	Unknown
Matsumoto et al[56] 2018	50	Male	Adenocarcinoma	Unknown	Pb	35	CHE	3	21G	8 mo	CT/EUS	Gastric wall	Unknown	DP and PG	Unknown
Yasumoto et al[57] 2018	78	Female	Well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma	T3N0M0	Pb	10	DP and CHE	3	25G	22 mo	Symptom/EGD	Posterior gastric wall	Unknown	PG	Unknown
Matsui et al[58] 2019	68	Female	Invasive ductal carcinoma	T1N1M0	Pb	15	DP and PG	4	22 G, 19 G, 20 G	25 d	Operative finding/CA19-9	Posterior gastric wall	Micro	PG	Died 18 mo after treatment due to peritoneal dissemination
Matsui et al[58] 2019	70	Male	Invasive ductal carcinoma	T3N0M1	Pb	34	DP and PG	1	22G	4 mo	Operative finding	Posterior gastric wall	Micro	PG	Stabled 18 mo after treatment
Yane et al[40]2019	66	Female	Well differentiated invasive adenocarcinoma	T3N0M0	Pt	Unknown	DP	4	22G	19 mo	CT/EGD	Posterior gastric wall	Unknown	CHE	Died 10.8 mo after diagnosis
Yane et al[40] 2019	78	Male	Poorly differentiated invasive adenocarcinoma	T3N0M0	Pt	Unknown	DP	2	22G	27 mo	CT/EGD	Posterior gastric wall	Unknown	PG	Died 24.9 mo after diagnosis
Yane et al[40] 2019	86	Female	Poorly differentiated invasive adenocarcinoma	T2N0M0	Pb	Unknown	DP	3	22G	19 mo	CT/EGD	Posterior gastric wall	Unknown	PG	Alive 62.4 mo after diagnosis
Yane et al[40] 2019	47	Male	Moderately differentiated invasive adenocarcinoma	T2N0M0	Pb	Unknown	DP	4	22G	28 mo	CT/EGD	Posterior gastric wall	Unknown	PG	Died 17.4 mo after diagnosis
Yane et al[40] 2019	79	Female	Poorly differentiated invasive adenocarcinoma	T1N0M0	Pb	Unknown	DP	3	22G	6 mo	CT/EGD	Posterior gastric wall	Unknown	PG	Alive 40.5 mo after diagnosis
Yane et al[40] 2019	78	Female	Moderately differentiated invasive adenocarcinoma	T1N0M0	Pb	Unknown	DP	4	22G	35 mo	CT/EGD	Posterior gastric wall	Unknown	PG	Alive 4.6 mo after diagnosis
Yamaguchi et al[28] 2020	78	Male	Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm	Unknown	Pb	60	Surgical resection	4	22G	67 mo	Symptom/EGD/PET-CT	Posterior gastric wall	40	DG	Unknown
Sato et al[19] 2020	83	Female	Invasive ductal carcinoma	T2N2M0	Pb	25	DP and CHE	2	22G	25 mo	CA19-9/MDCT/EUS	Posterior gastric wall	25	PG and lymph node resection	No recurrence after 5 mo of follow-up
Rothermel et al[20] 2020	61	Male	Invasive well differentiated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	T3N0M0	Pb	37	DP and CHE	3	25G	3.5 yr	CA19-9/PET-CT/EGD	Posterior gastric wall	25	PG and CHE	No recurrence after 6 yr of follow-up
Kawabata et al[34] 2019	78	Female	Invasive moderately differentiated ductal adenocarcinoma	T1N0M0	Pb	10.8	DP	Unknown	22G	3 yr	CT	Posterior gastric wall	25	PG	Unknown

DP: Distal pancreatectomy; CHE: Chemotherapy; PG: Partial gastrectomy; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenocopy; Pb: Pancreatic body; Pt: Pancreatic tail; CT: Computed tomography; MDCT: Multidetector computed tomography; DG: Distal gastrectomy.

Table 2 Characteristics of reported needle tract seeding of other tumors

Ref.	Age	Sex	Pathological diagnosis	Staging	Location	Size, mm	Initial treatment	Frequency of puncture	Needle gauge	Time interval	Details of needle tract seeding
											Discovery	Location	Maximum diameter (mm)	Treatment	Outcome
Shah et al[59] 2004	39	Female	Metastatic melanoma	Unknown	Perigastric lymph node	24	Surgical resection, chemotherapy	Transgastric/1	22G	6 mo	Operative finding	Posterior gastric wall	30	Surgery	Unkonwn
Doi et al[60] 2008	70	Male	Metastatic adenocarcinoma	Unknown	Mediastinal lymph node	30	Chemotherapyand distal gastrectomy	Transesophageal/1	19G	22 mo	EGDS/EUS-FNA	Esophageal wall	4	Radiation	Lesion resolved after 2 mo
Anderson et al[61] 2013	51	Male	Adenocarcinoma	Unknown	Celiac lymph node	6	Chemoradiation therapy	Transgastric/ unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Symptom/EGDS/EUS-FNA	Gastroesophageal junction	10	Unknown	Unknown
Yokoyama et al[62] 2017	53	Male	Mediastinal embryonal adenocarcinoma	Unknown	Mediastinum	60	Unknown	Transesophageal/3	22G	1 mo	CT	Esophageal wall	Unknown	Chemotherapy	Died less than 2 yr after Chemotherapy
Goel et al[63] 2017	57	Male	Squamous cell carcinoma	Unknown	Coeliac space	52	Unknown	Transgastric /2	19G	11 mo	Symptom/EGDS	Posterior gastric wall	50	Unsuitable for proximal gastrectomy	Unkonwn

EGDS: Elective esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy; EUS-FNA: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration; CT: Computed tomography.