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©The Author(s) 2020.
World J Gastroenterol. May 21, 2020; 26(19): 2416-2426
Published online May 21, 2020. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i19.2416
Published online May 21, 2020. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i19.2416
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients and comparison between low- and high-cardiovascular disease-risk groups
| Characteristics | Total | Low risk | High risk | P value |
| median (IQR); n (%) | n = 1122 | n = 800 | n = 322 | N/A |
| Age in yr | 53 (44-60) | 49 (41-55) | 63 (59-67) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 532 (47.4%) | 391 (48.9%) | 141 (43.8%) | 0.12 |
| Weight (kg) | 76 (66-87) | 77 (67-88) | 74 (65-84) | 0.002 |
| Height (m) | 1.63 (1.56-1.7) | 1.64 (1.57-1.71) | 1.61 (1.55-1.67) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.36 (25.8-31.47) | 28.38 (25.84-31.45) | 28.31 (25.68-31.65) | 0.572 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 96.5 (89-104) | 96 (88.3-103.5) | 98 (90-106) | 0.017 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 103 (97-109) | 103 (97-109) | 102.5 (96-109) | 0.502 |
| Ethnic origin: Chinese | 492 (43.9%) | 405 (50.6%) | 87 (27%) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 642 (57.2%) | 365 (45.6%) | 277 (86%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 639 (57%) | 400 (50.1%) | 239 (74.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 635 (56.6%) | 419 (66.6%) | 216 (75.5%) | 0.007 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 44 (41-46) | 44 (42-46) | 42.5 (39-45) | < 0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 63 (41-100) | 69 (43-106) | 49 (30-82) | < 0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 40 (41-61) | 41 (27-61) | 39 (28-62) | 0.98 |
| ALP (U/L) | 75 (41-96) | 76 (63-95.5) | 74 (58-96.5) | 0.63 |
| GGT (U/L) | 64 (41-105) | 66 (38-103) | 60 (37-113) | 0.563 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.6 (41-7.5) | 6.2 (5.6-7.2) | 7.2 (6-7.9) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.8 (41-5.5) | 4.9 (4.3-5.6) | 4.4 (3-5.113) | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.8 (41-3.4) | 2.95 (2.4-3.56) | 2.465 (1-3.1) | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 (41-1.4) | 1.2 (1-1.4) | 1.14 (0-1.37) | 0.002 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.6 (41-2.1) | 1.6 (1.151-2.1) | 1.6 (1-2.13) | 0.411 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.0 (41-15.2) | 14.2 (13.3-15.3) | 13.6 (12-14.6) | < 0.001 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 243 (41-289) | 249 (205-294.25) | 229 (189-280) | < 0.001 |
| WBC (109/L) | 7.1 (41-8.4) | 7.03 (5.8-8.39) | 7.25 (5-8.4) | 0.28 |
| NAFLD Activity Score1 | 4 (3-5) | 4 (3-5) | 4 (3-5) | 0.684 |
| Significant fibrosis (≥ F2): histopathology | 464 (41.4%) | 286 (35.9%) | 178 (55.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Advanced fibrosis (≥ F3): histopathology | 314 (28%) | 173 (21.7%) | 141 (43.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Cirrhosis | 109 (9.7%) | 50 (6.3%) | 59 (18.3%) | < 0.001 |
| CAP | 325 (294-349) | 323 (297-349) | 326 (286-349) | 0.979 |
| Liver stiffness measurement: TE (kPa) | 9.3 (6.7-13.9) | 8.6 (6.3-12) | 11 (7.6-15.8) | < 0.001 |
| 10-year CVD risk by QRISK2 (%) | 5.9 (2.6-10.9) | 3.8 (1.9-6.4) | 14.7 (12-19.3) | < 0.001 |
| Relative risk of 10-year CVD risk | 1.65 (1.13-2.2) | 1.51 (1.06-2.26) | 1.76 (1-2.08) | < 0.001 |
Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analyses of high-cardiovascular disease-risk predictors
| Parameters | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||||
| Exp (B) | 95%CI | P value | Exp (B) | 95%CI | P value | |||
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||
| Age (yr) | 1.39 | 1.33 | 1.45 | < 0.01 | 1.80 | 1.57 | 2.05 | 0.00 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.02 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.84 | 1.11 | 0.63 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.02 | 1.03 | 0.97 | 1.10 | 0.37 |
| Ethnic origin: Chinese | 0.36 | 0.27 | 0.48 | < 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.00 |
| Diabetes | 7.34 | 5.20 | 10.35 | < 0.01 | 319.11 | 60.63 | 1679.65 | 0.00 |
| Hypertension | 2.91 | 2.18 | 3.87 | < 0.01 | 1.43 | 0.56 | 3.66 | 0.45 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1.55 | 1.13 | 2.12 | 0.01 | 1.18 | 0.43 | 3.25 | 0.75 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.90 | < 0.01 | 0.96 | 0.85 | 1.09 | 0.56 |
| ALT (U/L) | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | < 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.80 |
| GGT (U/L) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.27 | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 1.36 | 1.23 | 1.51 | < 0.01 | 0.97 | 0.75 | 1.26 | 0.80 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.68 | 0.59 | 0.78 | < 0.01 | 1.82 | 0.69 | 4.80 | 0.23 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.68 | < 0.01 | 1.05 | 0.35 | 3.13 | 0.93 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.52 | 0.35 | 0.76 | < 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.00 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | < 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.59 |
| Fibrosis stage by liver biopsy | 1.53 | 1.38 | 1.69 | < 0.01 | 1.12 | 0.74 | 1.68 | 0.60 |
| TE (kPa) | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.08 | < 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 1.06 | 0.91 |
Table 3 Comparison between quartiles of baseline gamma-glutamyl transferase level and median 10-year cardiovascular disease risk according to QRISK2, median (interquartile range)
| Quartiles | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P value |
| Patients, n = 1122 | 279 | 273 | 282 | 288 | |
| Median GGT (U/L) | 29 (23-33) | 48 (43-56) | 81 (71-89) | 151 (122-220) | |
| High CVD risk (%) | 84 (30.1) | 86 (31.5) | 61 (21.6) | 91 (31.6) | 0.025 |
| Median 10-year, CVD risk (%) | 6.1 (2.7-11.2) | 6.6 (2.9-11.9) | 4.7 (2.4-9.1) | 6.4 (2.6-12.9) | < 0.001 |
- Citation: Pitisuttithum P, Chan WK, Goh GBB, Fan JG, Song MJ, Charatcharoenwitthaya P, Duseja A, Dan YY, Imajo K, Nakajima A, Ho KY, Goh KL, Wong VWS, Treeprasertsuk S. Gamma-glutamyl transferase and cardiovascular risk in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The Gut and Obesity Asia initiative. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26(19): 2416-2426
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v26/i19/2416.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i19.2416