Helicobacter pylori in ancient human remains

Table 1 Mummified human remains diagnosed Helicobacter pylori positive

Individ-uals	Country	Dating	Analysed material	No. of analysed individ-uals/H. pylori positive	Diagnostics						Ref.
					AB	PCR				Full genome
						16SrRNA	UreB	VacA	CagA
Iceman	Italy	5300 BP	Stomach content	1				X	X	X	[20]
Andean mummies	Chile	300 AD	Stool sample	> 2/1	X						[13]
Mexican pre-Columb-ian mummies	Mexico	1350 AD	Gastric tissue	5/1		X	X				[14]
Joseon Mummies	South Korea	1622 to 1800 AD	Stomach tissue	8/2				X	X		[16]
Kwäday Dän Ts´inchi	Alaska	1670 to 1850 AD	Stomach tissue	1				X	X		[15]

AD: Anno domini; BC: Before present; AB: Antibody; UreB: Urease subunit beta; VacA: Vacuolating cytotoxin A; CagA: Cytotoxin-associated gene A; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.