Intestinal permeability after Mediterranean diet and low-fat diet in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 1 Effects on clinical, metabolic and intestinal permeability paramethers after 16 wk of Mediterranean diet or low-fat diet in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

	Basal	After Mediterranean diet	P value (≥ 0.05 NS)	After wash-out	After low-fat diet	P value (≥ 0.05 NS)
	(W1)	(W16)	W1 vs W16	(W32)	(W48)	W32 vs W48
Weight (kg)	91.3 ± 10.9	86.0 ± 12.4	0.003	86.3 ± 8.4	85.7 ± 9.4	NS
Body mass index	30.9 ± 3.6	29.3 ± 4.1	NS	29.7 ± 2.9	29.3 ± 3.2	NS
Waist (cm)	107.2 ± 9.0	99.3 ± 11.5	0.001	102.0 ± 11.5	96.8 ± 11.5	NS
Hip (cm)	107.5 ± 6.7	103.9 ±6.9	0.001	103.7 ± 6.3	101.7 ± 11.1	NS
Waist/hip ratio	0.99 ± 0.05	0.96 ± 0.08	NS	0.97 ± 0.04	0.95 ± 0.06	NS
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	129.0 ± 14.3	130.5 ± 20.3	NS	130.0 ± 8.9	122.5 ± 17.5	NS
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	84.5 ± 11.4	81.0 ± 14.7	NS	79.2 ± 9.2	75.8 ± 14.3	NS
Glycemia (mg/dL)	93.8 ± 13.1	92.9 ± 11.8	NS	95.5 ± 9.0	96.2 ± 7.3	NS
HOMA-IR	5.2 ± 2.5	3.5 ± 2.1	NS	4.3 ± 1.2	3.8 ± 1.5	NS
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)	186.5 ± 45.1	176.9 ± 42.9	NS	186.3 ± 65.7	177.0 ± 50.5	NS
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	112.9 ± 44.1	113.7 ± 35.2	NS	119.7 ± 55.8	109.5 ± 44.6	NS
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	41.7 ± 6.3	42.1 ± 9.3	NS	44.7 ± 4.5	44.7 ± 4.7	NS
Tryglicerid (mg/dL)	139.0 ± 90.4	105.4 ± 45.4	NS	110.5 ± 48.7	105.8 ± 36.1	NS
ALT (UI/L)	80.5 ± 41.6	52.2 ± 32.3	0.0001	56.2 ± 33.8	58.3 ± 38.7	NS
AST (UI/L)	39.8 ± 15,1	33.4 ± 15.7	0.01	26.5 ± 10.4	29.0 ± 11.3	NS
GGT (UI/L)	102.3 ± 123.5	89.6 ± 129.5	NS	100.7 ± 128.3	70.7 ± 75.3	NS
Albumin (g/dL)	4.6 ± 0.3	4.5 ± 0.3	NS	4.6 ± 0.4	4.5 ± 0.4	NS
Emoglobin (g/dL)	15.1 ± 1.1	14.9 ± 1.1	NS	15.4 ± 1.3	15.3 ± 1.3	NS
Creatinin (mg/dL)	0.9 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1	NS	0.9 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1	NS

W1: Week 1; W16: Week 16; W32: Week 32; W48: Week 48; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment - insulin resistance; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoprotein; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; GGT: Gamma glutamyl trasferase.

Table 2 Nutritional assessment

	Basal (W1)	After mediterranean diet (W16)	After wash-out (W32)	After low-fat diet (W48)
Macronutrients
kcal per day	1798	1421	1853	1414
Carbohydrates (%)	53.2	40.5	55.0	62.1
Proteins (%)	18.3	21.1	16.5	20.2
Lipids (%)	28.4	38.4	28.5	17.7
Saturated fat (g)	11.4	7.2	9.0	5.5
Polyunsaturated fats (g)	4.5	3.5	4.2	2.6
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g)	29.7	27.2	25.0	14.4
Cholesterol (g)	248.2	157.5	258.2	153.3
Micronutrients
Total daily fiber (g)	16.9	28.2	16.8	21.2
Vitamin A (mcg)	88.8	47.6	86.1	33.4
Vitamin C (g)	68.3	143.3	72.6	119.3
Vitamin E (g)	7.7	7.8	6.7	3.3
Total iron (g)	9.5	15.5	10.7	12.7

W1: Week 1; W16: Week 16; W32: Week 32; W48: Week 48.