Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Gastroenterol. Jun 28, 2019; 25(24): 3079-3090
Published online Jun 28, 2019. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i24.3079
Table 1 Participant characteristics at initial evaluation
VariablenPercentRangeMeanSD
Age (yr)3928.02-20.5213.842.70
Pain hx (yr)2880-172.443.49
Sex
Male10326.7
Female28373.3
Ethnicity
White34287.5
Black or Afr Am328.2
Amer Indian or Alaskan Native30.8
Asian Indian10.3
Chinese20.5
Filipino10.3
Japanese00
Korean10.3
Vietnamese10.3
Other Asian00
Native Hawaiian00
Guamanian or Chamorro00
Samoan00
Other Pacific Islander10.3
Other123.1
“Prefer not to answer”71.8
FD34188.3
IBS13936.0
FAP143.6
GERD4110.6
Functional constipation30.8
Functional nausea00
Abdominal migraine00
Eosinophilia30178.0
FD: Functional dyspepsia; IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome; FAP: Functional abdominal pain; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Table 2 Baseline comparison of initial evaluation only vs initial evaluation + follow-up patients
IE only
IE + Follow-Up(s)
P value
VariablenMeanSDnMeanSD
Age at IE5314.332.7733313.772.680.157
Pain hx (in yr)523.133.973322.623.300.315
Sex53 (21 M; 32 F)--333 (82 M; 251 F)--0.022a
Eosinophilia53 (40 Y; 13 N)--333 (261 Y; 72 N)--0.635
ActEng T-score5351.7211.5332955.7511.020.014a
PainWill T-score5356.2811.3132956.3111.680.989
RfR536.322.853325.732.760.148
AttnPriv535.724.183325.513.460.689
% school missed (in previous 4 wk)4225.3427.8524522.0327.440.472
Anxiety5358.7012.1033058.2813.730.834
Depression5356.3011.9233056.7213.680.834
Atypicality5352.110.2933049.729.610.096
Anxiety_A5353.9411.3132754.3812.270.810
Depression_A5349.539.3932750.3610.870.597
Atypicality_A5347.588.0832747.749.330.907
Social Stress5348.089.9532748.2010.870.935
SDSCTot5345.159.6133245.1911.740.983
aIndicates statistical significance. ActEng T-score: Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire-Adolescent Activity Engagement; PainWill T-score: Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire-Adolescent Pain Willingess; RfR: Illness Behavior Encouragement Scale Release from Responsibility; AttnPriv: Illness Behavior Encouragement Scale Attention and Privileges; Anxiety: Behavior Assessment System for Children Parent-Reported Anxiety; Depression: Behavior Assessment System for Children Parent-Reported Depression; Atypicality: Behavior Assessment System for Children Parent-Reported Atypicality; Anxiety_A: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Anxiety; Depression_A: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Depression; Atypicality_A: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Atypicality; Social Stress: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Social Stress; SDSCTot: Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children Total Score; IE: Initial evaluation.
Table 3 Logistic regression results for clinical resolution and rapid clinical resolution on global improvement score
Resolution (area under the curve; AUC = 0.72)
Rapid (vs slow) resolution (AUC = 0.63)
VariableOdds ratio (95%CI)P valueOdds ratio (95%CI)P value
Age at IE0.81 (0.73, 0.90)< 0.001a0.95 (0.85, 1.06)0.365
Pain hx (in yr)1.00 (0.92, 1.08)0.949
Eosinophilia0.84 (0.45, 1.58)0.593
ActEng T-score1.11 (0.83, 1.48)0.479
PainWill T-score0.62 (0.46, 0.82)0.001a1.06 (0.74, 1.52)0.742
RfR0.85 (0.62, 1.15)0.288
AttnPriv1.02 (0.77, 1.37)0.865
School (not in school vs full-time)1.72 (0.70, 4.45)0.183
School (modified schedule vs full-time)0.81 (0.40, 1.66)0.243
Anxiety1.08 (0.76, 1.54)0.667
Depression1.25 (0.82, 1.93)0.301
Atypicality1.02 (0.72, 1.43)0.92
Anxiety_A1.15 (0.76, 1.75)0.502
Depression_A0.98 (0.64, 1.49)0.915
Atypicality_A1.10 (0.79, 1.56)0.588
SDSCTot0.72 (0.53, 0.98)0.040a0.53 (0.35, 0.78)0.002a
Social Stress0.66 (0.42, 1.02)0.0641.23 (0.86, 1.76)0.267
Relax_Parent1.46 (0.81, 2.61)0.206
Upset_Parent0.91 (0.48, 1.75)0.782
Relax_Patient0.99 (0.55, 1.75)0.961
Upset_Patient1.22 (0.66, 2.27)0.528
Biofeedback reported at 1st follow up1.26 (0.76, 2.09)0.362
aIndicates statistical significance. ActEng T-score: Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire-Adolescent Activity Engagement; PainWill T-score: Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire-Adolescent Pain Willingess; RfR: Illness Behavior Encouragement Scale Release from Responsibility; AttnPriv: Illness Behavior Encouragement Scale Attention and Privileges; Anxiety: Behavior Assessment System for Children Parent-Reported Anxiety; Depression: Behavior Assessment System for Children Parent-Reported Depression; Atypicality: Behavior Assessment System for Children Parent-Reported Atypicality; Anxiety_A: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Anxiety; Depression_A: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Depression; Atypicality_A: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Atypicality; Social Stress: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Social Stress; SDSCTot: Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children Total Score; Relax_Parent: True/False: ”It is easy for my child to relax”; Upset_Parent: True/False: ”My child gets upset too easily”; Relax_Patient: True/False: ”It is easy for me to relax”; Upset_Patient: True/False: ”I get upset too easily”; AUC: Area under the curve; CI: Confidence interval.
Table 4 Logistic regression results for parent-reported pediatric quality of life inventory resolution (score ≥ 76) and rapid resolution
Resolution (area under the curve; AUC = 0.78)
Rapid (vs slow) resolution (AUC = 0.69)
VariableOdds ratio (95%CI)P valueOdds ratio (95%CI)P value
Age at IE0.85 (0.74, 0.96)0.014a0.93 (0.80 1.09)0.372
Pain hx (in yr)0.95 (0.85, 1.05)0.327
Eosinophilia1.32 (0.60, 2.96)0.492
ActEng T-score1.10 (0.78, 1.58)0.579
PainWill T-score1.12 (0.78, 1.59)0.535
RfR0.90 (0.63, 1.3)0.586
AttnPriv0.86 (0.60, 1.25)0.441
School (not in school vs full-time)1.40 (0.50, 4.01)0.915
School (modified schedule vs full-time)1.76 (0.78, 4.04)0.386
Anxiety1.00 (0.64, 1.55)0.991
Depression0.81 (0.49, 1.34)0.412
Atypicality0.92 (0.61, 1.36)0.662
Anxiety_A0.87 (0.52, 1.46)0.602
Depression_A1.18 (0.71, 1.94)0.516
Atypicality_A0.99 (0.67, 1.46)0.941
SDSCTot0.58 (0.39, 0.85)0.006a0.40 (0.22, 0.69)0.002 a
Social Stress0.96 (0.56, 1.64)0.868
Relax_Parent2.00 (1.02, 3.96)0.045a0.96 (0.40, 2.27)0.924
Upset_Parent2.80 (1.26, 6.43)0.013a0.91 (0.38, 2.22)0.841
Relax_Patient1.50 (0.74, 3.06)0.261
Upset_Patient0.77 (0.35, 1.69)0.513
Biofeedback reported at 1st follow up1.44 (0.76, 2.77)0.267
aIndicates statistical significance. ActEng T-score: Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire-Adolescent Activity Engagement; PainWill T-score= Acceptance Questionnaire-Adolescent Pain Willingess; RfR: Illness Behavior Encouragement Scale Release from Responsibility; AttnPriv: Illness Behavior Encouragement Scale Attention and Privileges; Anxiety: Behavior Assessment System for Children Parent-Reported Anxiety; Depression: Behavior Assessment System for Children Parent-Reported Depression; Atypicality: Behavior Assessment System for Children Parent-Reported Atypicality; Anxiety_A: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Anxiety; Depression_A: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Depression; Atypicality_A: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Atypicality; Social Stress: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Social Stress; SDSCTot: Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children Total Score; Relax_Parent: True/False: ”It is easy for my child to relax”; Upset_Parent: True/False: ”My child gets upset too easily”; Relax_Patient: True/False: ”It is easy for me to relax”; Upset_Patient: True/False: “I get upset too easily”; AUC: Area under the curve; CI: Confidence interval.
Table 5 Logistic regression results for self-reported pediatric quality of life inventory resolution (score ≥ 76) and rapid resolution
Resolution (area under the curve; AUC = 0.80)
Rapid (vs slow) resolution (AUC = 0.65)
VariableOdds ratio (95%CI)P valueOdds ratio (95%CI)P value
Age at IE0.86 (0.75, 0.97)0.016a1.01 (0.87, 1.18)0.888
Pain hx (in yr)1.03 (0.92, 1.14)0.610
Eosinophilia0.89 (0.37, 2.08)0.786
ActEng T-score1.11 (0.76, 1.62)0.574
PainWill T-score1.01 (0.70, 1.45)0.975
RfR0.88 (0.60, 1.28)0.514
AttnPriv0.75 (0.51, 1.10)0.143
School (not in school vs full-time)0.83 (0.28, 2.42)0.663
School (modified schedule vs full-time)1.12 (0.46, 2.77)0.672
Anxiety1.04 (0.65, 1.66)0.872
Depression0.42 (0.22, 0.76)0.006a0.71 (0.32, 1.49)0.378
Atypicality1.42 (0.92, 2.20)0.113
Anxiety_A1.15 (0.68, 1.97)0.597
Depression_A0.67 (0.36, 1.22)0.206
Atypicality_A0.73 (0.48, 1.07)0.115
SDSCTot0.78 (0.51, 1.18)0.246
Social Stress0.68 (0.38, 1.20)0.190
Relax_Parent1.50 (0.74, 3.06)0.260
Upset_Parent2.46 (1.09, 5.75)0.033a1.31 (0.44, 4.07)0.632
Relax_Patient1.21 (0.60, 2.46)0.590
Upset_Patient1.94 (0.93, 4.11)0.0800.41 (0.15, 1.09)0.076
Biofeedback reported at 1st follow up0.82 (0.42, 1.57)0.543
aIndicates statistical significance. ActEng T-score: Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire-Adolescent Activity Engagement; PainWill T-score= Acceptance Questionnaire-Adolescent Pain Willingess; RfR: Illness Behavior Encouragement Scale Release from Responsibility; AttnPriv: Illness Behavior Encouragement Scale Attention and Privileges; Anxiety: Behavior Assessment System for Children Parent-Reported Anxiety; Depression: Behavior Assessment System for Children Parent-Reported Depression; Atypicality: Behavior Assessment System for Children Parent-Reported Atypicality; Anxiety_A: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Anxiety; Depression_A: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Depression; Atypicality_A: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Atypicality; Social Stress: Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Reported Social Stress; SDSCTot: Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children Total Score; Relax_Parent: True/False: “It is easy for my child to relax”; Upset_Parent: True/False: ”My child gets upset too easily”; Relax_Patient: True/False: ”It is easy for me to relax”; Upset_Patient: True/False: ”I get upset too easily”; AUC: Area under the curve; CI: Confidence interval.