Extracellular vesicles in liver disease and beyond

Table 1 Summary of extracellular vesicles biomarkers in hepatic and extracellular vesicles

	Type of disease	Sample	Species	Biomarker	Ref.
Intrahepatic	Drug-induced liver injury (DILI)	Plasma/serum/cell culture	Mouse/rat/human	miR-122 [↑]	[25,26]
	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)	Cell culture	Mouse	miR-128-3p [↑]; VNN1	[27]
	Alcoholic liver disease (ALD)	Serum/cell culture	Mouse/human	miR-192, miR-30a [↑]; CD40L, Hsp90	[28,29]
	Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)	Cell culture	Human	Vascular endotelial growth factor 1, MMP2, MMP9; miR-584, miR-517c, miR-378, miR-520f, miR142-5p, miR-451, miR-518d, miR-215, miR376a, miR-133b, and miR-367	[31-33]
	Viral hepatitis (HBV/HCV)	Cell culture	Human	Viral RNA; CCL5	[34]
Extrahepatic	Pulmonary disease	Serum/cell culture	Rat	Arg 1	[37]
	Alzheimer’s disease (AD)	CSF/blood/tissue	Human	β-amiloyd; miR-193b, miR-132 [↓]	[39,41]
	Parkinson’s disease (PD)	Cell culture	Mouse	α-sinucleyn	[42]
	Multiple Sclerosis (MS)	Serum/cell culture	Mouse/human	Beta-2-microglobulin, MHC-II, CD40,ICOSL; miR-122-5p, miR-196b-5p, miR-301a-3p, miR-5p [↓]	[43,44]
	Cardiovascular disease (CVDs)	Cell culture/pericardial fluid	Rat/mouse	Hsp90, IL-6; miR-21-3p [↑]	[46,47]
	Immunopathology	Cell culture	Human	mtDNA	[48]

VNN1: Vanin-1; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase.